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Association between Cyclooxygenase-2 and Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Expression in Breast Cancer Patients from Pakistan

BACKGROUND: Tumors use several immunosuppressive mechanisms to evade immune destruction. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression may be a driver of immunosuppression in breast cancer, but the mechanisms involved remain elusive. COX-2 expression induces the expression of indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO)...

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Autores principales: Asghar, Kashif, Loya, Asif, Rana, Iftikhar Ali, Bakar, Muhammad Abu, Farooq, Asim, Tahseen, Muhammad, Ishaq, Muhammad, Rashid, Muhammad Usman
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention 2019
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7063003/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31759380
http://dx.doi.org/10.31557/APJCP.2019.20.11.3521
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author Asghar, Kashif
Loya, Asif
Rana, Iftikhar Ali
Bakar, Muhammad Abu
Farooq, Asim
Tahseen, Muhammad
Ishaq, Muhammad
Rashid, Muhammad Usman
author_facet Asghar, Kashif
Loya, Asif
Rana, Iftikhar Ali
Bakar, Muhammad Abu
Farooq, Asim
Tahseen, Muhammad
Ishaq, Muhammad
Rashid, Muhammad Usman
author_sort Asghar, Kashif
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Tumors use several immunosuppressive mechanisms to evade immune destruction. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression may be a driver of immunosuppression in breast cancer, but the mechanisms involved remain elusive. COX-2 expression induces the expression of indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) in tumor cells. IDO is an immunosuppressive enzyme which is involved in tumor immune escape mechanisms in breast cancer. Our aim was to evaluate the association between COX-2 and IDO expression to find evidence of immunosuppression in Pakistani breast cancer patients. METHODS: Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to evaluate the expression of COX-2, IDO, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded breast cancer tissues of 100 patients. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify the independent risk factors of COX-2. RESULTS: A total of 100 patients were included with a mean age and standard deviation of 48.28 ± 11.83. A significant association was observed among COX-2, IDO, ER, PR and tumor grade. In multivariable analysis, three variables were identified as significant independent risk factors for high COX-2: IDO expression high; [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 6.51; 95% confidence interval (CI) (2.00-21.20), p=0.001], ER; [AOR 5.62; 95% CI (1.80-17.84), p=0.002] and age [AOR 1.04; 95% CI (1.00-1.10), p=0.05] respectively. CONCLUSION: Our data showed that high IDO expression is associated with high COX-2 expression in Pakistani breast cancer patients. The co-expression of both enzymes may suggest their role in disease pathogenesis. Hence the concurrent targeting of COX-2 and IDO may be a promising therapy for breast cancer.
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spelling pubmed-70630032020-03-17 Association between Cyclooxygenase-2 and Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Expression in Breast Cancer Patients from Pakistan Asghar, Kashif Loya, Asif Rana, Iftikhar Ali Bakar, Muhammad Abu Farooq, Asim Tahseen, Muhammad Ishaq, Muhammad Rashid, Muhammad Usman Asian Pac J Cancer Prev Research Article BACKGROUND: Tumors use several immunosuppressive mechanisms to evade immune destruction. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression may be a driver of immunosuppression in breast cancer, but the mechanisms involved remain elusive. COX-2 expression induces the expression of indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) in tumor cells. IDO is an immunosuppressive enzyme which is involved in tumor immune escape mechanisms in breast cancer. Our aim was to evaluate the association between COX-2 and IDO expression to find evidence of immunosuppression in Pakistani breast cancer patients. METHODS: Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to evaluate the expression of COX-2, IDO, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded breast cancer tissues of 100 patients. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify the independent risk factors of COX-2. RESULTS: A total of 100 patients were included with a mean age and standard deviation of 48.28 ± 11.83. A significant association was observed among COX-2, IDO, ER, PR and tumor grade. In multivariable analysis, three variables were identified as significant independent risk factors for high COX-2: IDO expression high; [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 6.51; 95% confidence interval (CI) (2.00-21.20), p=0.001], ER; [AOR 5.62; 95% CI (1.80-17.84), p=0.002] and age [AOR 1.04; 95% CI (1.00-1.10), p=0.05] respectively. CONCLUSION: Our data showed that high IDO expression is associated with high COX-2 expression in Pakistani breast cancer patients. The co-expression of both enzymes may suggest their role in disease pathogenesis. Hence the concurrent targeting of COX-2 and IDO may be a promising therapy for breast cancer. West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention 2019 /pmc/articles/PMC7063003/ /pubmed/31759380 http://dx.doi.org/10.31557/APJCP.2019.20.11.3521 Text en This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
spellingShingle Research Article
Asghar, Kashif
Loya, Asif
Rana, Iftikhar Ali
Bakar, Muhammad Abu
Farooq, Asim
Tahseen, Muhammad
Ishaq, Muhammad
Rashid, Muhammad Usman
Association between Cyclooxygenase-2 and Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Expression in Breast Cancer Patients from Pakistan
title Association between Cyclooxygenase-2 and Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Expression in Breast Cancer Patients from Pakistan
title_full Association between Cyclooxygenase-2 and Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Expression in Breast Cancer Patients from Pakistan
title_fullStr Association between Cyclooxygenase-2 and Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Expression in Breast Cancer Patients from Pakistan
title_full_unstemmed Association between Cyclooxygenase-2 and Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Expression in Breast Cancer Patients from Pakistan
title_short Association between Cyclooxygenase-2 and Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Expression in Breast Cancer Patients from Pakistan
title_sort association between cyclooxygenase-2 and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase expression in breast cancer patients from pakistan
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7063003/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31759380
http://dx.doi.org/10.31557/APJCP.2019.20.11.3521
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