Assessment of Different Modalities and Their Impact on Patients with Ruptured Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformation Treated in King Abdulaiziz Medical City in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Background Intracranial arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is a rare congenital disease that is characterized by an abnormal tangle of blood vessels where arteries abnormally shunt into veins with no intervening capillary bed. Several treatment modalities, such as microsurgical removal, embolization, and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), are used to treat AVM either solely or in combination. We aimed to assess and compare the effect, morbidity, and mortality outcomes of mono-treatment with embolization and combined treatment for AVM obliteration. Methodology This retrospective cohort study was conducted in the National Guard Hospital Jeddah and reviewed all the AVM patients that visited the center between 2008 and 2017. We assessed presenting symptoms at diagnosis and any co-morbidities as the clinical characteristics and the patients’ AVM and Spetzler-Martin grade as the morphological characteristics. Moreover, we performed a three-year follow-up on suitable patients and assessed their outcomes using the modified Rankin Scale. In addition, we performed follow-up imaging on the patients to evaluate AVM obliteration after any of the procedures. Results We included 29 patients treated in our hospital (72.4%, males; 27.6%, females; mean age 40 years). About 65% of the patients underwent mono-therapy consisting of one or more embolization sessions while about 34% underwent combined treatment (embolization + surgery or embolization + SRS). We found more cases of complete obliteration among patients who underwent mono-therapy (52.6%) than among those who underwent combined treatment (30%). Patients who underwent mono-therapy showed better outcomes compared to those who underwent combined therapy; however, the difference did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions Embolization mono-therapy appears to be more effective with regards to the obliteration rate and outcome compared to combined therapy with either SRS or surgery in patients treated in our center.