Bubble-mediated transport of benthic microorganisms into the water column: Identification of methanotrophs and implication of seepage intensity on transport efficiency

Benthic microorganisms transported into the water column potentially influence biogeochemical cycles and the pelagic food web structure. In the present study six gas-releasing vent sites in the Coal Oil Point seep field (California) were investigated, and the dislocation of microorganisms from the sediment into the water column via gas bubbles released from the seabed was documented. It was found that the methanotrophs transport efficiency was dependent on the volumetric gas flow, with the highest transport rate of 22.7 × 10(3) cells mL(gas)(−1) at a volumetric gas flow of 0.07 mL(gas) s(−1), and the lowest rate of 0.2 × 10(3) cells mL(gas)(−1) at a gas flow of 2.2 mL(gas) s(−1). A simple budget approach showed that this bubble-mediated transport has the potential to maintain a relevant part of the water-column methanotrophs in the seep field. The bubble-mediated link between the benthic and pelagic environment was further supported by genetic analyses, indicating a transportation of methanotrophs of the family Methylomonaceae and oil degrading bacteria of the genus Cycloclasticus from the sediment into the water column. These findings demonstrate that the bubble-mediated transport of microorganisms influences the pelagic microbial abundance and community composition at gas-releasing seep sites.