Balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration of colonic varices: a case report

BACKGROUND: Ectopic varices are uncommon and typically due to underlying liver cirrhosis. They can be located in the duodenum, small intestines, colon or rectum, and may result in massive haemorrhage. While established guidelines exist for the management of oesophageal and gastric variceal bleeding, this is currently lacking for colonic varices. Beta-blockers, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt insertion and subtotal colectomy have been reported as management methods. However, there are only two other cases that have reported successfully treating colonic varices using balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration (BRTO), an endovascular procedure typically performed for gastric varices. CASE PRESENTATION: A 55-year-old man with background of alcoholic liver cirrhosis presented with per-rectal bleeding due to caecal varices. Grade 2–3 oesophageal varices were identified on oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy, and computed tomography showed multiple right para-colic portosystemic collaterals around the hepatic flexure and ascending colon. Colonoscopy confirmed fresh blood in the colon up to the caecum, with a submucosal varix deemed the most likely source of haemorrhage. As transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt insertion was potentially technically difficult, due to left portal vein thrombosis and a small right portal venous system, he underwent BRTO, which successfully embolised and thrombosed the colonic varices without complications. CONCLUSIONS: Whilst further studies are required to conclude its effectiveness and efficacy, BRTO may be considered a viable solution in managing ectopic, colonic, variceal haemorrhage especially when traditional techniques are unsuccessful or contraindicated.