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Efficacy of Ageratum conyzoides extracts against Giardia duodenalis trophozoites: an experimental study

BACKGROUND: Giardia duodenalis causes giardiasis in humans, particularly in developing countries. Despite the availability of treatments, resistance to some of the commercial anti-Giardia drugs has been reported in addition to their harmful side effects. Therefore, novel treatments for giardiasis ar...

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Autores principales: Pintong, Ai-rada, Ruangsittichai, Jiraporn, Ampawong, Sumate, Thima, Kanthinich, Sriwichai, Patchara, Komalamisra, Narumon, Popruk, Supaluk
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BioMed Central 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7076862/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32111225
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12906-020-2860-6
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author Pintong, Ai-rada
Ruangsittichai, Jiraporn
Ampawong, Sumate
Thima, Kanthinich
Sriwichai, Patchara
Komalamisra, Narumon
Popruk, Supaluk
author_facet Pintong, Ai-rada
Ruangsittichai, Jiraporn
Ampawong, Sumate
Thima, Kanthinich
Sriwichai, Patchara
Komalamisra, Narumon
Popruk, Supaluk
author_sort Pintong, Ai-rada
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Giardia duodenalis causes giardiasis in humans, particularly in developing countries. Despite the availability of treatments, resistance to some of the commercial anti-Giardia drugs has been reported in addition to their harmful side effects. Therefore, novel treatments for giardiasis are required. In this study, we aimed to assess the in vitro activity of crude extracts of Ageratum conyzoides against G. duodenalis trophozoites. METHODS: Plants were classified into three groups based on their flower colors: white (W), purple (P), and white–purple (W–P). Plants were separately cut into leaf (L) and flower (F) parts. Changes in internal organelle morphology of trophozoites following exposure to crude extracts were assessed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In subsequent experiments, efficacy of the most active essential oils from crude extracts [half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC(50)) ≤ 100 μg/mL] against G. duodenalis trophozoites was tested. In vitro anti-Giardia assays using essential oils were performed in the same way as those performed using crude extracts. RESULTS: LW–P and FP extracts showed high activity (IC(50) ≤ 100 μg/mL) against G. duodenalis trophozoites, with IC(50) ± SD values of 45.67 ± 0.51 and 96.00 ± 0.46 μg/mL, respectively. In subsequent experiments, IC(50) ± SD values of LW–P and FP essential oils were 35.00 ± 0.50 and 89.33 ± 0.41 μg/mL, respectively. TEM revealed the degeneration of flagella and ventral discs of G. duodenalis trophozoites following exposure to crude extracts. CONCLUSION: Crude LW–P and FP extracts of A. conyzoides showed the highest activity against G. duodenalis. Exposure to crude extract induced changes in the flagella and ventral discs of G. duodenalis trophozoites, which play important roles in attachment to the surface of mucosal cells. Our results suggest that the tested extracts warrant further research in terms of their efficacy and safety as giardiasis treatment.
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spelling pubmed-70768622020-03-19 Efficacy of Ageratum conyzoides extracts against Giardia duodenalis trophozoites: an experimental study Pintong, Ai-rada Ruangsittichai, Jiraporn Ampawong, Sumate Thima, Kanthinich Sriwichai, Patchara Komalamisra, Narumon Popruk, Supaluk BMC Complement Med Ther Research Article BACKGROUND: Giardia duodenalis causes giardiasis in humans, particularly in developing countries. Despite the availability of treatments, resistance to some of the commercial anti-Giardia drugs has been reported in addition to their harmful side effects. Therefore, novel treatments for giardiasis are required. In this study, we aimed to assess the in vitro activity of crude extracts of Ageratum conyzoides against G. duodenalis trophozoites. METHODS: Plants were classified into three groups based on their flower colors: white (W), purple (P), and white–purple (W–P). Plants were separately cut into leaf (L) and flower (F) parts. Changes in internal organelle morphology of trophozoites following exposure to crude extracts were assessed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In subsequent experiments, efficacy of the most active essential oils from crude extracts [half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC(50)) ≤ 100 μg/mL] against G. duodenalis trophozoites was tested. In vitro anti-Giardia assays using essential oils were performed in the same way as those performed using crude extracts. RESULTS: LW–P and FP extracts showed high activity (IC(50) ≤ 100 μg/mL) against G. duodenalis trophozoites, with IC(50) ± SD values of 45.67 ± 0.51 and 96.00 ± 0.46 μg/mL, respectively. In subsequent experiments, IC(50) ± SD values of LW–P and FP essential oils were 35.00 ± 0.50 and 89.33 ± 0.41 μg/mL, respectively. TEM revealed the degeneration of flagella and ventral discs of G. duodenalis trophozoites following exposure to crude extracts. CONCLUSION: Crude LW–P and FP extracts of A. conyzoides showed the highest activity against G. duodenalis. Exposure to crude extract induced changes in the flagella and ventral discs of G. duodenalis trophozoites, which play important roles in attachment to the surface of mucosal cells. Our results suggest that the tested extracts warrant further research in terms of their efficacy and safety as giardiasis treatment. BioMed Central 2020-02-28 /pmc/articles/PMC7076862/ /pubmed/32111225 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12906-020-2860-6 Text en © The Author(s). 2020 Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
spellingShingle Research Article
Pintong, Ai-rada
Ruangsittichai, Jiraporn
Ampawong, Sumate
Thima, Kanthinich
Sriwichai, Patchara
Komalamisra, Narumon
Popruk, Supaluk
Efficacy of Ageratum conyzoides extracts against Giardia duodenalis trophozoites: an experimental study
title Efficacy of Ageratum conyzoides extracts against Giardia duodenalis trophozoites: an experimental study
title_full Efficacy of Ageratum conyzoides extracts against Giardia duodenalis trophozoites: an experimental study
title_fullStr Efficacy of Ageratum conyzoides extracts against Giardia duodenalis trophozoites: an experimental study
title_full_unstemmed Efficacy of Ageratum conyzoides extracts against Giardia duodenalis trophozoites: an experimental study
title_short Efficacy of Ageratum conyzoides extracts against Giardia duodenalis trophozoites: an experimental study
title_sort efficacy of ageratum conyzoides extracts against giardia duodenalis trophozoites: an experimental study
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7076862/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32111225
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12906-020-2860-6
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