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Ethylene Biosynthesis Inhibition Combined with Cyanide Degradation Confer Resistance to Quinclorac in Echinochloa crus-galli var. mitis

Echinochloa crus-galli var. mitis has rarely been reported for herbicide resistance, and no case of quinclorac resistance has been reported so far. Synthetic auxin-type herbicide quinclorac is used extensively to control rice weeds worldwide. A long history of using quinclorac in Chinese rice fields...

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Autores principales: Zia Ul Haq, Muhammad, Zhang, Zheng, Wei, Jiajia, Qiang, Sheng
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7084851/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32106618
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21051573
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author Zia Ul Haq, Muhammad
Zhang, Zheng
Wei, Jiajia
Qiang, Sheng
author_facet Zia Ul Haq, Muhammad
Zhang, Zheng
Wei, Jiajia
Qiang, Sheng
author_sort Zia Ul Haq, Muhammad
collection PubMed
description Echinochloa crus-galli var. mitis has rarely been reported for herbicide resistance, and no case of quinclorac resistance has been reported so far. Synthetic auxin-type herbicide quinclorac is used extensively to control rice weeds worldwide. A long history of using quinclorac in Chinese rice fields escalated the resistance in E. crus-galli var. mitis against this herbicide. Bioassays in Petri plates and pots exhibited four biotypes that evolved into resistance to quinclorac ranking as JS01-R > AH01-R > JS02-R > JX01-R from three provinces of China. Ethylene production in these biotypes was negatively correlated with resistance level and positively correlated with growth inhibition. Determination of the related ethylene response pathway exhibited resistance in biotypes that recorded a decline in 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) content, ACC synthase oxidase activities, and less inducible ACS and ACO genes expressions than the susceptible biotype, suggesting that there was a positive correlation between quinclorac resistance and ethylene biosynthesis inhibition. Cyanides produced during the ethylene biosynthesis pathway mainly degraded by the activity of β-cyanoalanine synthase (β-CAS). Resistant biotypes exhibited higher β-CAS activity than the susceptible ones. Nucleotide changes were found in the EcCAS gene of resistant biotypes as compared to sensitive ones that caused three amino acid substitutions (Asn-105-Lys, Gln-195-Glu, and Gly-298-Val), resulting in alteration of enzyme structure, increased binding residues in the active site with its cofactor, and decreased binding free energy; hence, its activity was higher in resistant biotypes. Moreover, these mutations increased the structural stability of the enzyme. In view of the positive correlation between ethylene biosynthesis inhibition and cyanide degradation with resistance level, it is concluded that the alteration in ethylene response pathway or at least variation in ACC synthase and ACC oxidase enzyme activities—due to less relative expression of ACS and ACO genes and enhanced β-CAS activity, as well as mutation and increased relative expression of EcCAS gene—can be considered as a probable mechanism of quinclorac resistance in E. crus-galli var. mitis.
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spelling pubmed-70848512020-03-23 Ethylene Biosynthesis Inhibition Combined with Cyanide Degradation Confer Resistance to Quinclorac in Echinochloa crus-galli var. mitis Zia Ul Haq, Muhammad Zhang, Zheng Wei, Jiajia Qiang, Sheng Int J Mol Sci Article Echinochloa crus-galli var. mitis has rarely been reported for herbicide resistance, and no case of quinclorac resistance has been reported so far. Synthetic auxin-type herbicide quinclorac is used extensively to control rice weeds worldwide. A long history of using quinclorac in Chinese rice fields escalated the resistance in E. crus-galli var. mitis against this herbicide. Bioassays in Petri plates and pots exhibited four biotypes that evolved into resistance to quinclorac ranking as JS01-R > AH01-R > JS02-R > JX01-R from three provinces of China. Ethylene production in these biotypes was negatively correlated with resistance level and positively correlated with growth inhibition. Determination of the related ethylene response pathway exhibited resistance in biotypes that recorded a decline in 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) content, ACC synthase oxidase activities, and less inducible ACS and ACO genes expressions than the susceptible biotype, suggesting that there was a positive correlation between quinclorac resistance and ethylene biosynthesis inhibition. Cyanides produced during the ethylene biosynthesis pathway mainly degraded by the activity of β-cyanoalanine synthase (β-CAS). Resistant biotypes exhibited higher β-CAS activity than the susceptible ones. Nucleotide changes were found in the EcCAS gene of resistant biotypes as compared to sensitive ones that caused three amino acid substitutions (Asn-105-Lys, Gln-195-Glu, and Gly-298-Val), resulting in alteration of enzyme structure, increased binding residues in the active site with its cofactor, and decreased binding free energy; hence, its activity was higher in resistant biotypes. Moreover, these mutations increased the structural stability of the enzyme. In view of the positive correlation between ethylene biosynthesis inhibition and cyanide degradation with resistance level, it is concluded that the alteration in ethylene response pathway or at least variation in ACC synthase and ACC oxidase enzyme activities—due to less relative expression of ACS and ACO genes and enhanced β-CAS activity, as well as mutation and increased relative expression of EcCAS gene—can be considered as a probable mechanism of quinclorac resistance in E. crus-galli var. mitis. MDPI 2020-02-25 /pmc/articles/PMC7084851/ /pubmed/32106618 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21051573 Text en © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Zia Ul Haq, Muhammad
Zhang, Zheng
Wei, Jiajia
Qiang, Sheng
Ethylene Biosynthesis Inhibition Combined with Cyanide Degradation Confer Resistance to Quinclorac in Echinochloa crus-galli var. mitis
title Ethylene Biosynthesis Inhibition Combined with Cyanide Degradation Confer Resistance to Quinclorac in Echinochloa crus-galli var. mitis
title_full Ethylene Biosynthesis Inhibition Combined with Cyanide Degradation Confer Resistance to Quinclorac in Echinochloa crus-galli var. mitis
title_fullStr Ethylene Biosynthesis Inhibition Combined with Cyanide Degradation Confer Resistance to Quinclorac in Echinochloa crus-galli var. mitis
title_full_unstemmed Ethylene Biosynthesis Inhibition Combined with Cyanide Degradation Confer Resistance to Quinclorac in Echinochloa crus-galli var. mitis
title_short Ethylene Biosynthesis Inhibition Combined with Cyanide Degradation Confer Resistance to Quinclorac in Echinochloa crus-galli var. mitis
title_sort ethylene biosynthesis inhibition combined with cyanide degradation confer resistance to quinclorac in echinochloa crus-galli var. mitis
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7084851/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32106618
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21051573
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