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Minimum Infective Dose of the Major Human Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Transmitted Through Food and the Environment
Viruses are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. Determining the minimum dose of virus particles that can initiate infection, termed the minimum infective dose (MID), is important for the development of risk assessment models in the fields of food and water treatment and...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Springer-Verlag
2011
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7090536/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35255645 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12560-011-9056-7 |
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author | Yezli, Saber Otter, Jonathan A. |
author_facet | Yezli, Saber Otter, Jonathan A. |
author_sort | Yezli, Saber |
collection | PubMed |
description | Viruses are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. Determining the minimum dose of virus particles that can initiate infection, termed the minimum infective dose (MID), is important for the development of risk assessment models in the fields of food and water treatment and the implementation of appropriate infection control strategies in healthcare settings. Both respiratory and enteric viruses can be shed at high titers from infected individuals even when the infection is asymptomatic. Presence of pre-existing antibodies has been shown to affect the infectious dose and to be protective against reinfection for many, but not all viruses. Most respiratory viruses appear to be as infective in humans as in tissue culture. Doses of <1 TCID(50) of influenza virus, rhinovirus, and adenovirus were reported to infect 50% of the tested population. Similarly, low doses of the enteric viruses, norovirus, rotavirus, echovirus, poliovirus, and hepatitis A virus, caused infection in at least some of the volunteers tested. A number of factors may influence viruses’ infectivity in experimentally infected human volunteers. These include host and pathogen factors as well as the experimental methodology. As a result, the reported infective doses of human viruses have to be interpreted with caution. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7090536 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2011 |
publisher | Springer-Verlag |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-70905362020-03-24 Minimum Infective Dose of the Major Human Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Transmitted Through Food and the Environment Yezli, Saber Otter, Jonathan A. Food Environ Virol Review Paper Viruses are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. Determining the minimum dose of virus particles that can initiate infection, termed the minimum infective dose (MID), is important for the development of risk assessment models in the fields of food and water treatment and the implementation of appropriate infection control strategies in healthcare settings. Both respiratory and enteric viruses can be shed at high titers from infected individuals even when the infection is asymptomatic. Presence of pre-existing antibodies has been shown to affect the infectious dose and to be protective against reinfection for many, but not all viruses. Most respiratory viruses appear to be as infective in humans as in tissue culture. Doses of <1 TCID(50) of influenza virus, rhinovirus, and adenovirus were reported to infect 50% of the tested population. Similarly, low doses of the enteric viruses, norovirus, rotavirus, echovirus, poliovirus, and hepatitis A virus, caused infection in at least some of the volunteers tested. A number of factors may influence viruses’ infectivity in experimentally infected human volunteers. These include host and pathogen factors as well as the experimental methodology. As a result, the reported infective doses of human viruses have to be interpreted with caution. Springer-Verlag 2011-03-16 2011 /pmc/articles/PMC7090536/ /pubmed/35255645 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12560-011-9056-7 Text en © Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 2011 This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic. |
spellingShingle | Review Paper Yezli, Saber Otter, Jonathan A. Minimum Infective Dose of the Major Human Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Transmitted Through Food and the Environment |
title | Minimum Infective Dose of the Major Human Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Transmitted Through Food and the Environment |
title_full | Minimum Infective Dose of the Major Human Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Transmitted Through Food and the Environment |
title_fullStr | Minimum Infective Dose of the Major Human Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Transmitted Through Food and the Environment |
title_full_unstemmed | Minimum Infective Dose of the Major Human Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Transmitted Through Food and the Environment |
title_short | Minimum Infective Dose of the Major Human Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Transmitted Through Food and the Environment |
title_sort | minimum infective dose of the major human respiratory and enteric viruses transmitted through food and the environment |
topic | Review Paper |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7090536/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35255645 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12560-011-9056-7 |
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