Applications of nanotechnology for immunology

Nanotechnology uses the unique properties of objects that function as a unit within the overall size range of 1–1,000 nanometres. The engineering of nanostructure materials, including nanoparticles, nanoemulsions or nanotubules, holds great promise for the development of new immunomodulatory agents, as such nanostructures can be used to more effectively manipulate or deliver immunologically active components to target sites. Successful applications of nanotechnology in the field of immunology will enable new generations of vaccines, adjuvants and immunomodulatory drugs that aim to improve clinical outcomes in response to a range of infectious and non-infectious diseases. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version of this article (doi:10.1038/nri3488) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.