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Neural activity regulates autoimmune diseases through the gateway reflex
The brain, spinal cord and retina are protected from blood-borne compounds by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) and blood-retina barrier (BRB) respectively, which create a physical interface that tightly controls molecular and cellular transport. The mechanical and func...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
BioMed Central
2019
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7098223/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32232103 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s42234-019-0030-2 |
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author | Stofkova, Andrea Murakami, Masaaki |
author_facet | Stofkova, Andrea Murakami, Masaaki |
author_sort | Stofkova, Andrea |
collection | PubMed |
description | The brain, spinal cord and retina are protected from blood-borne compounds by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) and blood-retina barrier (BRB) respectively, which create a physical interface that tightly controls molecular and cellular transport. The mechanical and functional integrity of these unique structures between blood vessels and nervous tissues is critical for maintaining organ homeostasis. To preserve the stability of these barriers, interplay between constituent barrier cells, such as vascular endothelial cells, pericytes, glial cells and neurons, is required. When any of these cells are defective, the barrier can fail, allowing blood-borne compounds to encroach neural tissues and cause neuropathologies. Autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) and retina are characterized by barrier disruption and the infiltration of activated immune cells. Here we review our recent findings on the role of neural activity in the regulation of these barriers at the vascular endothelial cell level in the promotion of or protection against the development of autoimmune diseases. We suggest nervous system reflexes, which we named gateway reflexes, are fundamentally involved in these diseases. Although their reflex arcs are not completely understood, we identified the activation of specific sensory neurons or receptor cells to which barrier endothelial cells respond as effectors that regulate gateways for immune cells to enter the nervous tissue. We explain this novel mechanism and describe its role in neuroinflammatory conditions, including models of multiple sclerosis and posterior autoimmune uveitis. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7098223 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2019 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-70982232020-03-30 Neural activity regulates autoimmune diseases through the gateway reflex Stofkova, Andrea Murakami, Masaaki Bioelectron Med Review The brain, spinal cord and retina are protected from blood-borne compounds by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) and blood-retina barrier (BRB) respectively, which create a physical interface that tightly controls molecular and cellular transport. The mechanical and functional integrity of these unique structures between blood vessels and nervous tissues is critical for maintaining organ homeostasis. To preserve the stability of these barriers, interplay between constituent barrier cells, such as vascular endothelial cells, pericytes, glial cells and neurons, is required. When any of these cells are defective, the barrier can fail, allowing blood-borne compounds to encroach neural tissues and cause neuropathologies. Autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) and retina are characterized by barrier disruption and the infiltration of activated immune cells. Here we review our recent findings on the role of neural activity in the regulation of these barriers at the vascular endothelial cell level in the promotion of or protection against the development of autoimmune diseases. We suggest nervous system reflexes, which we named gateway reflexes, are fundamentally involved in these diseases. Although their reflex arcs are not completely understood, we identified the activation of specific sensory neurons or receptor cells to which barrier endothelial cells respond as effectors that regulate gateways for immune cells to enter the nervous tissue. We explain this novel mechanism and describe its role in neuroinflammatory conditions, including models of multiple sclerosis and posterior autoimmune uveitis. BioMed Central 2019-08-20 /pmc/articles/PMC7098223/ /pubmed/32232103 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s42234-019-0030-2 Text en © The Author(s) 2019 Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. |
spellingShingle | Review Stofkova, Andrea Murakami, Masaaki Neural activity regulates autoimmune diseases through the gateway reflex |
title | Neural activity regulates autoimmune diseases through the gateway reflex |
title_full | Neural activity regulates autoimmune diseases through the gateway reflex |
title_fullStr | Neural activity regulates autoimmune diseases through the gateway reflex |
title_full_unstemmed | Neural activity regulates autoimmune diseases through the gateway reflex |
title_short | Neural activity regulates autoimmune diseases through the gateway reflex |
title_sort | neural activity regulates autoimmune diseases through the gateway reflex |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7098223/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32232103 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s42234-019-0030-2 |
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