Epigenetics Underlying Susceptibility and Resilience Relating to Daily Life Stress, Work Stress, and Socioeconomic Status

Susceptibility and resilience to mental disorders result from a complex choreography of gene–environment interactions with epigenetics at the intersection of external psychological stressors and internal biological systems. Increasing awareness of the growing disease burden influenced by daily life stress (“daily hassles”), work-related stress, and low socioeconomic status (SES) has resulted in a novel interest into their underlying molecular signatures. This review offers a brief outline of psychiatric epigenetics and a comprehensive overview of recent findings exploring the relationship of various occupational stressors and DNA methylation in epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) and in candidate gene studies including the serotonin transporter (SLC6A4; 5-HTTLPR), melatonin receptor 1A (MTNR1A), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and the protein family of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs). Conceptual and methodological challenges of epigenetic investigations with a special focus on gene–environment interactions are highlighted and discussed. The findings are integrated into a pathophysiological framework featuring epigenetic plasticity factors and work-related stress as a possible central detrimental component targetable by workplace interventions. Finally, the potential of dynamic epigenetic biomarkers of treatment response to pharmacotherapy or psychotherapy is expanded upon.