Cargando…

Childhood vaccinations and adult schooling attainment: Long-term evidence from India's Universal Immunization Programme

Routine childhood vaccines are among the most cost-effective life-saving interventions. In addition, vaccines have been linked with reduced stunting and improved health and other outcomes in later life. However, evidence on such long-term benefits remain inadequate. In this study, we examined the as...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Nandi, Arindam, Kumar, Santosh, Shet, Anita, Bloom, David E., Laxminarayan, Ramanan
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Pergamon 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7103780/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32143089
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112885
_version_ 1783512111207415808
author Nandi, Arindam
Kumar, Santosh
Shet, Anita
Bloom, David E.
Laxminarayan, Ramanan
author_facet Nandi, Arindam
Kumar, Santosh
Shet, Anita
Bloom, David E.
Laxminarayan, Ramanan
author_sort Nandi, Arindam
collection PubMed
description Routine childhood vaccines are among the most cost-effective life-saving interventions. In addition, vaccines have been linked with reduced stunting and improved health and other outcomes in later life. However, evidence on such long-term benefits remain inadequate. In this study, we examined the associations between the initiation and implementation of the Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) in India and schooling attainment among adults. We obtained district-level data on the rollout of the UIP in 1985–1990 and matched those with data from the National Family Health Survey of India, 2015–2016. Adults who were born in the five years before and after the rollout period (1980–1995) and always lived in the same location were included in the analysis (n=109,908). We employed household, village or city ward, district, and state fixed-effects linear regression models, which incorporated a wide range of socioeconomic and demographic indicators and community-level infrastructure, amenities, and access to healthcare. We compared schooling attainment in years among individuals who were born during or after the UIP was implemented in their districts (intervention group) with those who were born before UIP implementation (control group). In household fixed-effects analysis, intervention group adults attained 0.18 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.02, 0.33; p<0.05) more schooling grades as compared with control group adults from the same household. In village or city ward, district, and state fixed-effects analysis, intervention group adults attained 0.23 (95% CI: 0.13, 0.32; p<0.001), 0.29 (95% CI: 0.19, 0.38; p<0.001), and 0.25 (95% CI: 0.1, 0.39; p<0.01) additional schooling grades, respectively, compared to the control group. In subgroup analyses, positive associations between UIP implementation and schooling grades were observed among women and among rural, urban, and richer households. Our results support the association of vaccines with improved school attainment.
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-7103780
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2020
publisher Pergamon
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-71037802020-04-01 Childhood vaccinations and adult schooling attainment: Long-term evidence from India's Universal Immunization Programme Nandi, Arindam Kumar, Santosh Shet, Anita Bloom, David E. Laxminarayan, Ramanan Soc Sci Med Article Routine childhood vaccines are among the most cost-effective life-saving interventions. In addition, vaccines have been linked with reduced stunting and improved health and other outcomes in later life. However, evidence on such long-term benefits remain inadequate. In this study, we examined the associations between the initiation and implementation of the Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) in India and schooling attainment among adults. We obtained district-level data on the rollout of the UIP in 1985–1990 and matched those with data from the National Family Health Survey of India, 2015–2016. Adults who were born in the five years before and after the rollout period (1980–1995) and always lived in the same location were included in the analysis (n=109,908). We employed household, village or city ward, district, and state fixed-effects linear regression models, which incorporated a wide range of socioeconomic and demographic indicators and community-level infrastructure, amenities, and access to healthcare. We compared schooling attainment in years among individuals who were born during or after the UIP was implemented in their districts (intervention group) with those who were born before UIP implementation (control group). In household fixed-effects analysis, intervention group adults attained 0.18 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.02, 0.33; p<0.05) more schooling grades as compared with control group adults from the same household. In village or city ward, district, and state fixed-effects analysis, intervention group adults attained 0.23 (95% CI: 0.13, 0.32; p<0.001), 0.29 (95% CI: 0.19, 0.38; p<0.001), and 0.25 (95% CI: 0.1, 0.39; p<0.01) additional schooling grades, respectively, compared to the control group. In subgroup analyses, positive associations between UIP implementation and schooling grades were observed among women and among rural, urban, and richer households. Our results support the association of vaccines with improved school attainment. Pergamon 2020-04 /pmc/articles/PMC7103780/ /pubmed/32143089 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112885 Text en © 2020 The Authors http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Nandi, Arindam
Kumar, Santosh
Shet, Anita
Bloom, David E.
Laxminarayan, Ramanan
Childhood vaccinations and adult schooling attainment: Long-term evidence from India's Universal Immunization Programme
title Childhood vaccinations and adult schooling attainment: Long-term evidence from India's Universal Immunization Programme
title_full Childhood vaccinations and adult schooling attainment: Long-term evidence from India's Universal Immunization Programme
title_fullStr Childhood vaccinations and adult schooling attainment: Long-term evidence from India's Universal Immunization Programme
title_full_unstemmed Childhood vaccinations and adult schooling attainment: Long-term evidence from India's Universal Immunization Programme
title_short Childhood vaccinations and adult schooling attainment: Long-term evidence from India's Universal Immunization Programme
title_sort childhood vaccinations and adult schooling attainment: long-term evidence from india's universal immunization programme
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7103780/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32143089
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112885
work_keys_str_mv AT nandiarindam childhoodvaccinationsandadultschoolingattainmentlongtermevidencefromindiasuniversalimmunizationprogramme
AT kumarsantosh childhoodvaccinationsandadultschoolingattainmentlongtermevidencefromindiasuniversalimmunizationprogramme
AT shetanita childhoodvaccinationsandadultschoolingattainmentlongtermevidencefromindiasuniversalimmunizationprogramme
AT bloomdavide childhoodvaccinationsandadultschoolingattainmentlongtermevidencefromindiasuniversalimmunizationprogramme
AT laxminarayanramanan childhoodvaccinationsandadultschoolingattainmentlongtermevidencefromindiasuniversalimmunizationprogramme