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Relationship between breakfast consumption, BMI status and physical fitness of Ghanaian school-aged children

BACKGROUND: Good nutrition and physical activity of school-aged children are important for ensuring optimum growth and reducing obesity. This present study assessed associations between breakfast consumption, BMI-for-Age (BMI) and physical fitness in a cross-section of school-aged children attending...

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Autores principales: Annan, Reginald Adjetey, Sowah, Solomon Adjetey, Apprey, Charles, Agyapong, Nana Ama Frimpomaa, Okonogi, Satoru, Yamauchi, Taro, Sakurai, Takeshi
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BioMed Central 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7114787/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32266078
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40795-020-00344-9
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author Annan, Reginald Adjetey
Sowah, Solomon Adjetey
Apprey, Charles
Agyapong, Nana Ama Frimpomaa
Okonogi, Satoru
Yamauchi, Taro
Sakurai, Takeshi
author_facet Annan, Reginald Adjetey
Sowah, Solomon Adjetey
Apprey, Charles
Agyapong, Nana Ama Frimpomaa
Okonogi, Satoru
Yamauchi, Taro
Sakurai, Takeshi
author_sort Annan, Reginald Adjetey
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Good nutrition and physical activity of school-aged children are important for ensuring optimum growth and reducing obesity. This present study assessed associations between breakfast consumption, BMI-for-Age (BMI) and physical fitness in a cross-section of school-aged children attending government-owned primary schools in Kumasi, Ghana. METHOD: The sample consisted of 438 pupils (boys = 213; girls = 225; mean age 11.1 ± 1.1), attending 10 randomly selected schools. Weight (kg), height (cm) and Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) were measured for each participant, and BMI-for-age z-scores determined using the World Health Organisation (WHO) anthroplus software. Participants were stratified into thinness, normal weight, overweight/obese using WHO cut offs. Physical fitness was assessed using forward jump, left and right handgrips, flexibility, sit-ups and 50 metre run following standard procedures and converted to scores of 1 to 10 following Japanese standards, based on which percentiles were derived. Total fitness score for each pupil was computed by adding all scores. A questionnaire was used to assess meal intake patterns. RESULTS: The mean BMI-for-age z-score for participants was − 0.24 ± 0.99. Thinness, normal weight and overweight/obesity were 2.7, 86.5, and 10.5% respectively among the pupils. Overweight was higher in girls (14.2%) compared to boys (4.2%), p = 0.003. Similarly, mean MUAC was significantly (p = 0.021) higher in the girls (22.0 ± 3.2 cm) than the boys (20.7 ± 7.3 cm). For physical fitness, the girls scored higher in forward jump (p < 0.0001), 50-m run (p = 0.002) and overall fitness score than the boys (21.0 ± 6.2 versus 19.2 ± 8.3, p = 0.012). However, a larger proportion of boys performed excellently and poorly than girls (p = 0.019). A positive correlation was observed between BMI z-score and hand grip (r = 0.21, p < 0.001), while sit up (r = − 0.11, p = 0.018) showed a negative correlation with BMI z-score. No other fitness test varied by BMI. Overweight children performed best in handgrip. Majority of children said they engaged in exercise (89.9%) and consumed breakfast (78.9%). Breakfast consumption was not associated with BMI z-score (x(2) 0.0359, p = 0.549) but non-breakfast consumers performed better in 50 m run compared to consumers (7.0 seconds ± 2.3 vrs 6.3 seconds ± 2.5, p = 0.022). Children who reported to exercise were physically fitter than those who did not. CONCLUSION: Underweight levels were low while overweight was over 10% in these children. Girls were more than 3 times affected by overweight than boys, and were also physically fitter than boys. Breakfast consumption was not related to weight or fitness.
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spelling pubmed-71147872020-04-07 Relationship between breakfast consumption, BMI status and physical fitness of Ghanaian school-aged children Annan, Reginald Adjetey Sowah, Solomon Adjetey Apprey, Charles Agyapong, Nana Ama Frimpomaa Okonogi, Satoru Yamauchi, Taro Sakurai, Takeshi BMC Nutr Research Article BACKGROUND: Good nutrition and physical activity of school-aged children are important for ensuring optimum growth and reducing obesity. This present study assessed associations between breakfast consumption, BMI-for-Age (BMI) and physical fitness in a cross-section of school-aged children attending government-owned primary schools in Kumasi, Ghana. METHOD: The sample consisted of 438 pupils (boys = 213; girls = 225; mean age 11.1 ± 1.1), attending 10 randomly selected schools. Weight (kg), height (cm) and Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) were measured for each participant, and BMI-for-age z-scores determined using the World Health Organisation (WHO) anthroplus software. Participants were stratified into thinness, normal weight, overweight/obese using WHO cut offs. Physical fitness was assessed using forward jump, left and right handgrips, flexibility, sit-ups and 50 metre run following standard procedures and converted to scores of 1 to 10 following Japanese standards, based on which percentiles were derived. Total fitness score for each pupil was computed by adding all scores. A questionnaire was used to assess meal intake patterns. RESULTS: The mean BMI-for-age z-score for participants was − 0.24 ± 0.99. Thinness, normal weight and overweight/obesity were 2.7, 86.5, and 10.5% respectively among the pupils. Overweight was higher in girls (14.2%) compared to boys (4.2%), p = 0.003. Similarly, mean MUAC was significantly (p = 0.021) higher in the girls (22.0 ± 3.2 cm) than the boys (20.7 ± 7.3 cm). For physical fitness, the girls scored higher in forward jump (p < 0.0001), 50-m run (p = 0.002) and overall fitness score than the boys (21.0 ± 6.2 versus 19.2 ± 8.3, p = 0.012). However, a larger proportion of boys performed excellently and poorly than girls (p = 0.019). A positive correlation was observed between BMI z-score and hand grip (r = 0.21, p < 0.001), while sit up (r = − 0.11, p = 0.018) showed a negative correlation with BMI z-score. No other fitness test varied by BMI. Overweight children performed best in handgrip. Majority of children said they engaged in exercise (89.9%) and consumed breakfast (78.9%). Breakfast consumption was not associated with BMI z-score (x(2) 0.0359, p = 0.549) but non-breakfast consumers performed better in 50 m run compared to consumers (7.0 seconds ± 2.3 vrs 6.3 seconds ± 2.5, p = 0.022). Children who reported to exercise were physically fitter than those who did not. CONCLUSION: Underweight levels were low while overweight was over 10% in these children. Girls were more than 3 times affected by overweight than boys, and were also physically fitter than boys. Breakfast consumption was not related to weight or fitness. BioMed Central 2020-04-01 /pmc/articles/PMC7114787/ /pubmed/32266078 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40795-020-00344-9 Text en © The Author(s) 2020 Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
spellingShingle Research Article
Annan, Reginald Adjetey
Sowah, Solomon Adjetey
Apprey, Charles
Agyapong, Nana Ama Frimpomaa
Okonogi, Satoru
Yamauchi, Taro
Sakurai, Takeshi
Relationship between breakfast consumption, BMI status and physical fitness of Ghanaian school-aged children
title Relationship between breakfast consumption, BMI status and physical fitness of Ghanaian school-aged children
title_full Relationship between breakfast consumption, BMI status and physical fitness of Ghanaian school-aged children
title_fullStr Relationship between breakfast consumption, BMI status and physical fitness of Ghanaian school-aged children
title_full_unstemmed Relationship between breakfast consumption, BMI status and physical fitness of Ghanaian school-aged children
title_short Relationship between breakfast consumption, BMI status and physical fitness of Ghanaian school-aged children
title_sort relationship between breakfast consumption, bmi status and physical fitness of ghanaian school-aged children
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7114787/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32266078
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40795-020-00344-9
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