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Neurons under viral attack: Victims or warriors?
When the central nervous system (CNS) is under viral attack, defensive antiviral responses must necessarily arise from the CNS itself to rapidly and efficiently curb infections with minimal collateral damage to the sensitive, specialized and non-regenerating neural tissue. This presents a unique cha...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Elsevier Ltd.
2010
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7115389/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20206655 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2010.02.016 |
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author | Chakraborty, Swarupa Nazmi, Arshed Dutta, Kallol Basu, Anirban |
author_facet | Chakraborty, Swarupa Nazmi, Arshed Dutta, Kallol Basu, Anirban |
author_sort | Chakraborty, Swarupa |
collection | PubMed |
description | When the central nervous system (CNS) is under viral attack, defensive antiviral responses must necessarily arise from the CNS itself to rapidly and efficiently curb infections with minimal collateral damage to the sensitive, specialized and non-regenerating neural tissue. This presents a unique challenge because an intact blood–brain barrier (BBB) and lack of proper lymphatic drainage keeps the CNS virtually outside the radar of circulating immune cells that are at constant vigilance for antigens in peripheral tissues. Limited antigen presentation skills of CNS cells in comparison to peripheral tissues is because of a total lack of dendritic cells and feeble expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins in neurons and glia. However, research over the past two decades has identified immune effector mechanisms intrinsic to the CNS for immediate tackling, attenuating and clearing of viral infections, with assistance pouring in from peripheral circulation in the form of neutralizing antibodies and cytotoxic T cells at a later stage. Specialized CNS cells, microglia and astrocytes, were regarded as sole sentinels of the brain for containing a viral onslaught but neurons held little recognition as a potential candidate for protecting itself from the proliferation and pathogenesis of neurotropic viruses. Accumulating evidence however indicates that extracellular insult causes neurons to express immune factors characteristic of lymphoid tissues. This article aims to comprehensively analyze current research on this conditional alteration in the protein expression repertoire of neurons and the role it plays in CNS innate immune response to counter viral infections. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7115389 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2010 |
publisher | Elsevier Ltd. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-71153892020-04-02 Neurons under viral attack: Victims or warriors? Chakraborty, Swarupa Nazmi, Arshed Dutta, Kallol Basu, Anirban Neurochem Int Review When the central nervous system (CNS) is under viral attack, defensive antiviral responses must necessarily arise from the CNS itself to rapidly and efficiently curb infections with minimal collateral damage to the sensitive, specialized and non-regenerating neural tissue. This presents a unique challenge because an intact blood–brain barrier (BBB) and lack of proper lymphatic drainage keeps the CNS virtually outside the radar of circulating immune cells that are at constant vigilance for antigens in peripheral tissues. Limited antigen presentation skills of CNS cells in comparison to peripheral tissues is because of a total lack of dendritic cells and feeble expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins in neurons and glia. However, research over the past two decades has identified immune effector mechanisms intrinsic to the CNS for immediate tackling, attenuating and clearing of viral infections, with assistance pouring in from peripheral circulation in the form of neutralizing antibodies and cytotoxic T cells at a later stage. Specialized CNS cells, microglia and astrocytes, were regarded as sole sentinels of the brain for containing a viral onslaught but neurons held little recognition as a potential candidate for protecting itself from the proliferation and pathogenesis of neurotropic viruses. Accumulating evidence however indicates that extracellular insult causes neurons to express immune factors characteristic of lymphoid tissues. This article aims to comprehensively analyze current research on this conditional alteration in the protein expression repertoire of neurons and the role it plays in CNS innate immune response to counter viral infections. Elsevier Ltd. 2010 2010-03-04 /pmc/articles/PMC7115389/ /pubmed/20206655 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2010.02.016 Text en Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active. |
spellingShingle | Review Chakraborty, Swarupa Nazmi, Arshed Dutta, Kallol Basu, Anirban Neurons under viral attack: Victims or warriors? |
title | Neurons under viral attack: Victims or warriors? |
title_full | Neurons under viral attack: Victims or warriors? |
title_fullStr | Neurons under viral attack: Victims or warriors? |
title_full_unstemmed | Neurons under viral attack: Victims or warriors? |
title_short | Neurons under viral attack: Victims or warriors? |
title_sort | neurons under viral attack: victims or warriors? |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7115389/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20206655 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2010.02.016 |
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