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Goitre Prevalence and Urinary Iodine Concentration in School-Aged Children in the Ashanti Region of Ghana

BACKGROUND: Iodine deficiency is a public health problem. The universal salt iodization (USI) program is the main, simple, and cost-effective intervention strategy to control iodine deficiency. The study examined the iodine status in school-aged children in Ashanti region, Ghana, using thyroid volum...

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Autores principales: Gyamfi, Daniel, Wiafe, Yaw Amo, Ofori Awuah, Enoch, Adu, Evans Asamoah, Boadi, Emmanuel Kodie
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Hindawi 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7125487/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32273891
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3759786
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author Gyamfi, Daniel
Wiafe, Yaw Amo
Ofori Awuah, Enoch
Adu, Evans Asamoah
Boadi, Emmanuel Kodie
author_facet Gyamfi, Daniel
Wiafe, Yaw Amo
Ofori Awuah, Enoch
Adu, Evans Asamoah
Boadi, Emmanuel Kodie
author_sort Gyamfi, Daniel
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Iodine deficiency is a public health problem. The universal salt iodization (USI) program is the main, simple, and cost-effective intervention strategy to control iodine deficiency. The study examined the iodine status in school-aged children in Ashanti region, Ghana, using thyroid volumes along with urinary iodine concentrations, the methods recommended by the WHO/ICCIDD for monitoring the sustained impact of USI programs. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted among school-aged children (6–12 years) from randomly selected schools in the central and northern part of the Ashanti region, Kumasi Metropolis, and Ejura-Sekyedumase Municipality, respectively. A total of 852 children were enrolled in the study. Thyroid volume and urinary iodine concentrations of the children were determined using the standardized methods recommended by WHO/ICCIDD. Anthropometric measurements were also evaluated. RESULTS: The mean values of thyroid volume in female and male school-aged children were 3.53 ± 0.09 and 3.32 ± 0.07, respectively. The thyroid size was significantly associated with age (P < 0.0001), weight (P < 0.0001), height (P < 0.0001), BMI (P < 0.05), and BSA (P < 0.0001) by Pearson's correlation in both males and females. The P50 (median) thyroid volumes of school children investigated in this study were generally larger compared to the WHO/ICCIDD reference data by age and body surface area. The median value of urinary iodine concentration was 201.85 μg/L, which showed significant sex difference (P value <0.0001). Excessive iodine nutrition (≥300 μg/L) was observed among 34.4% of male children and 27.6% of female children. Also, 12.8% of the male and 19.5% of the female children had UIC below requirement (<100 μg/L). The criteria of thyroid volume per age yielded a goitre prevalence of 2.2%. In contrast, the criteria of thyroid volume by body surface area yielded a goitre prevalence of 0.9%. CONCLUSION: The study clearly indicated that adequate iodine nutrition exists generally among the school children. However, insufficient and excessive iodine intakes still persist among some of the children. The establishment of local reference values for thyroid volume that might be applicable to precisely define goitre prevalence in the Ghanaian context is highly recommended.
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spelling pubmed-71254872020-04-09 Goitre Prevalence and Urinary Iodine Concentration in School-Aged Children in the Ashanti Region of Ghana Gyamfi, Daniel Wiafe, Yaw Amo Ofori Awuah, Enoch Adu, Evans Asamoah Boadi, Emmanuel Kodie Int J Endocrinol Research Article BACKGROUND: Iodine deficiency is a public health problem. The universal salt iodization (USI) program is the main, simple, and cost-effective intervention strategy to control iodine deficiency. The study examined the iodine status in school-aged children in Ashanti region, Ghana, using thyroid volumes along with urinary iodine concentrations, the methods recommended by the WHO/ICCIDD for monitoring the sustained impact of USI programs. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted among school-aged children (6–12 years) from randomly selected schools in the central and northern part of the Ashanti region, Kumasi Metropolis, and Ejura-Sekyedumase Municipality, respectively. A total of 852 children were enrolled in the study. Thyroid volume and urinary iodine concentrations of the children were determined using the standardized methods recommended by WHO/ICCIDD. Anthropometric measurements were also evaluated. RESULTS: The mean values of thyroid volume in female and male school-aged children were 3.53 ± 0.09 and 3.32 ± 0.07, respectively. The thyroid size was significantly associated with age (P < 0.0001), weight (P < 0.0001), height (P < 0.0001), BMI (P < 0.05), and BSA (P < 0.0001) by Pearson's correlation in both males and females. The P50 (median) thyroid volumes of school children investigated in this study were generally larger compared to the WHO/ICCIDD reference data by age and body surface area. The median value of urinary iodine concentration was 201.85 μg/L, which showed significant sex difference (P value <0.0001). Excessive iodine nutrition (≥300 μg/L) was observed among 34.4% of male children and 27.6% of female children. Also, 12.8% of the male and 19.5% of the female children had UIC below requirement (<100 μg/L). The criteria of thyroid volume per age yielded a goitre prevalence of 2.2%. In contrast, the criteria of thyroid volume by body surface area yielded a goitre prevalence of 0.9%. CONCLUSION: The study clearly indicated that adequate iodine nutrition exists generally among the school children. However, insufficient and excessive iodine intakes still persist among some of the children. The establishment of local reference values for thyroid volume that might be applicable to precisely define goitre prevalence in the Ghanaian context is highly recommended. Hindawi 2020-03-23 /pmc/articles/PMC7125487/ /pubmed/32273891 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3759786 Text en Copyright © 2020 Daniel Gyamfi et al. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
spellingShingle Research Article
Gyamfi, Daniel
Wiafe, Yaw Amo
Ofori Awuah, Enoch
Adu, Evans Asamoah
Boadi, Emmanuel Kodie
Goitre Prevalence and Urinary Iodine Concentration in School-Aged Children in the Ashanti Region of Ghana
title Goitre Prevalence and Urinary Iodine Concentration in School-Aged Children in the Ashanti Region of Ghana
title_full Goitre Prevalence and Urinary Iodine Concentration in School-Aged Children in the Ashanti Region of Ghana
title_fullStr Goitre Prevalence and Urinary Iodine Concentration in School-Aged Children in the Ashanti Region of Ghana
title_full_unstemmed Goitre Prevalence and Urinary Iodine Concentration in School-Aged Children in the Ashanti Region of Ghana
title_short Goitre Prevalence and Urinary Iodine Concentration in School-Aged Children in the Ashanti Region of Ghana
title_sort goitre prevalence and urinary iodine concentration in school-aged children in the ashanti region of ghana
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7125487/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32273891
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3759786
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