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Detection of viruses in used ventilation filters from two large public buildings
BACKGROUND: Viral and bacterial pathogens may be present in the air after being released from infected individuals and animals. Filters are installed in the heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems of buildings to protect ventilation equipment and maintain healthy indoor air quality...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Mosby, Inc.
2011
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7132662/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21549446 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2010.10.036 |
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author | Goyal, Sagar M. Anantharaman, Senthilvelan Ramakrishnan, M.A. Sajja, Suchitra Kim, Seung Won Stanley, Nicholas J. Farnsworth, James E. Kuehn, Thomas H. Raynor, Peter C. |
author_facet | Goyal, Sagar M. Anantharaman, Senthilvelan Ramakrishnan, M.A. Sajja, Suchitra Kim, Seung Won Stanley, Nicholas J. Farnsworth, James E. Kuehn, Thomas H. Raynor, Peter C. |
author_sort | Goyal, Sagar M. |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Viral and bacterial pathogens may be present in the air after being released from infected individuals and animals. Filters are installed in the heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems of buildings to protect ventilation equipment and maintain healthy indoor air quality. These filters process enormous volumes of air. This study was undertaken to determine the utility of sampling used ventilation filters to assess the types and concentrations of virus aerosols present in buildings. METHODS: The HVAC filters from 2 large public buildings in Minneapolis and Seattle were sampled to determine the presence of human respiratory viruses and viruses with bioterrorism potential. Four air-handling units were selected from each building, and a total of 64 prefilters and final filters were tested for the presence of influenza A, influenza B, respiratory syncytial, corona, parainfluenza 1-3, adeno, orthopox, entero, Ebola, Marburg, Lassa fever, Machupo, eastern equine encephalitis, western equine encephalitis, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses. Representative pieces of each filter were cut and eluted with a buffer solution. RESULTS: Attempts were made to detect viruses by inoculation of these eluates in cell cultures (Vero, MDCK, and RK-13) and specific pathogen-free embryonated chicken eggs. Two passages of eluates in cell cultures or these eggs did not reveal the presence of any live virus. The eluates were also examined by polymerase chain reaction or reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction to detect the presence of viral DNA or RNA, respectively. Nine of the 64 filters tested were positive for influenza A virus, 2 filters were positive for influenza B virus, and 1 filter was positive for parainfluenza virus 1. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that existing building HVAC filters may be used as a method of detection for airborne viruses. As integrated long-term bioaerosol sampling devices, they may yield valuable information on the epidemiology and aerobiology of viruses in air that can inform the development of methods to prevent airborne transmission of viruses and possible deterrents against the spread of bioterrorism agents. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7132662 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2011 |
publisher | Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Mosby, Inc. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-71326622020-04-08 Detection of viruses in used ventilation filters from two large public buildings Goyal, Sagar M. Anantharaman, Senthilvelan Ramakrishnan, M.A. Sajja, Suchitra Kim, Seung Won Stanley, Nicholas J. Farnsworth, James E. Kuehn, Thomas H. Raynor, Peter C. Am J Infect Control Article BACKGROUND: Viral and bacterial pathogens may be present in the air after being released from infected individuals and animals. Filters are installed in the heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems of buildings to protect ventilation equipment and maintain healthy indoor air quality. These filters process enormous volumes of air. This study was undertaken to determine the utility of sampling used ventilation filters to assess the types and concentrations of virus aerosols present in buildings. METHODS: The HVAC filters from 2 large public buildings in Minneapolis and Seattle were sampled to determine the presence of human respiratory viruses and viruses with bioterrorism potential. Four air-handling units were selected from each building, and a total of 64 prefilters and final filters were tested for the presence of influenza A, influenza B, respiratory syncytial, corona, parainfluenza 1-3, adeno, orthopox, entero, Ebola, Marburg, Lassa fever, Machupo, eastern equine encephalitis, western equine encephalitis, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses. Representative pieces of each filter were cut and eluted with a buffer solution. RESULTS: Attempts were made to detect viruses by inoculation of these eluates in cell cultures (Vero, MDCK, and RK-13) and specific pathogen-free embryonated chicken eggs. Two passages of eluates in cell cultures or these eggs did not reveal the presence of any live virus. The eluates were also examined by polymerase chain reaction or reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction to detect the presence of viral DNA or RNA, respectively. Nine of the 64 filters tested were positive for influenza A virus, 2 filters were positive for influenza B virus, and 1 filter was positive for parainfluenza virus 1. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that existing building HVAC filters may be used as a method of detection for airborne viruses. As integrated long-term bioaerosol sampling devices, they may yield valuable information on the epidemiology and aerobiology of viruses in air that can inform the development of methods to prevent airborne transmission of viruses and possible deterrents against the spread of bioterrorism agents. Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Mosby, Inc. 2011-09 2011-05-06 /pmc/articles/PMC7132662/ /pubmed/21549446 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2010.10.036 Text en Copyright © 2011 Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active. |
spellingShingle | Article Goyal, Sagar M. Anantharaman, Senthilvelan Ramakrishnan, M.A. Sajja, Suchitra Kim, Seung Won Stanley, Nicholas J. Farnsworth, James E. Kuehn, Thomas H. Raynor, Peter C. Detection of viruses in used ventilation filters from two large public buildings |
title | Detection of viruses in used ventilation filters from two large public buildings |
title_full | Detection of viruses in used ventilation filters from two large public buildings |
title_fullStr | Detection of viruses in used ventilation filters from two large public buildings |
title_full_unstemmed | Detection of viruses in used ventilation filters from two large public buildings |
title_short | Detection of viruses in used ventilation filters from two large public buildings |
title_sort | detection of viruses in used ventilation filters from two large public buildings |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7132662/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21549446 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2010.10.036 |
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