Enhancement of Thermal Resistance by Metal Ions in Thermotolerant Zymomonas mobilis TISTR 548

The thermal resistance of fermenting microbes is a key characteristic of stable fermentation at high temperatures. Therefore, the effects of various metal ions on the growth of Zymomonas mobilis TISTR 548, a thermotolerant ethanologenic bacterium, at a critical high temperature (CHT) were examined. Addition of Mg(2+) and K(+) increased CHT by 1°C, but the effects of the addition of Mn(2+), Ni(2+), Co(2+), Al(3+), Fe(3+), and Zn(2+) on CHT were negligible. To understand the physiological functions associated with the addition of Mg(2+) or K(+), cell morphology, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, and ethanol productivity were investigated at 39°C (i.e., above CHT). Cell elongation was repressed by Mg(2+), but not by K(+). Addition of both metals reduced intracellular ROS level, with only K(+) showing the highest reduction strength, followed by both metals and only Mg(2+). Additionally, ethanol productivity was recovered with the addition of both metals. Moreover, the addition of Mg(2+) or K(+) at a non-permissive temperature in 26 thermosensitive, single gene-disrupted mutants of Z. mobilis TISTR 548 revealed that several mutants showed metal ion-specific growth improvement. Remarkably, K(+) repressed growth of two mutants. These results suggest that K(+) and Mg(2+) enhance cell growth at CHT via different mechanisms, which involve the maintenance of low intracellular ROS levels.