Audit of pre-operative antibiotic prophylaxis usage in elective surgical procedures in two teaching hospitals, Islamabad, Pakistan: An observational cross-sectional study

An audit of the antibiotic prophylaxis in surgical procedures is the basic area of antimicrobial stewardship programme. The current research aimed to evaluate the adherence-proportion of the pre-operative antibiotic prophylaxis (PAP) practices in common elective surgical procedures. It was an eight-month (January 2017 to August 2017) observational cross-sectional patients’ treatment record-based study conducted at two tertiary care teaching hospitals of Islamabad, Pakistan. We investigated the three most commonly performed elective general surgical procedures at the hospitals in adults aged > 18 years with no previous infection or surgery. The required data were extracted from the medical charts. Current prescribing practices were compared with the standard prescribing guidelines. A total of 660 (Government Hospital (GH), n = 330 and Private Hospital (PH), n = 330) procedures were observed. The most commonly performed elective general surgical procedures were laparoscopic cholecystectomy 307/660 (46.5%), followed by direct inguinal hernia 197/660 (29.8%) and total thyroidectomy 156/660 (23.6%). Non-use of PAP was observed in 64/660 (9.7%) cases. PAP was given to 90.3% (n = 596/660) cases (300/330 (90.9%) patients in GH and 296/330 (89.7%) in PH; P = 0.599). Based on the existing guidelines, the choice of antibiotics was correct in only 4.2% (25/596) patients (10/300; 3.3% cases at GH and 15/296; 5% at PH). The appropriate use of antibiotics was significantly greater in direct inguinal hernia (n = 19/193; 9.8%) cases compared with that in total thyroidectomy (n = 4/152; 2.6%) and laparoscopic cholecystectomy (n = 2/251; 0.8%) cases; P = 0.001. Compliance to the timing was only 51% (n = 304/596) of the total patients received PAP which was significantly lower in GH 97/300 (32.3%) as compared with that in PH 207/296 (69.9%); P = 0.001. Administration timing of antibiotics was observed to be more appropriate in total thyroidectomy (n = 79/152; 51.9%) cases than in laparoscopic cholecystectomy (n = 130/251; 51.8%) and direct inguinal hernia (n = 95/193; 49.2%) cases; P = 0.001. The route and dose were appropriate in accordance with the guidelines in all cases (100%). Most of the patients received ceftriaxone, a third-generation cephalosporin that is no longer recommended by the latest international guidelines. The current analysis revealed an alarmingly poor adherence rate with the guidelines in the three elective surgical procedures at both hospitals. To improve the situation, training and awareness programs about the antimicrobial stewardship interventions on the institutional level may be valuable.