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The Neurochemistry of Autism

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) refers to complex neurobehavioral and neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior or interests, and altered sensory processing. Environmental, immunological, genetic, and e...

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Autores principales: Marotta, Rosa, Risoleo, Maria C., Messina, Giovanni, Parisi, Lucia, Carotenuto, Marco, Vetri, Luigi, Roccella, Michele
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7139720/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32182969
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10030163
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author Marotta, Rosa
Risoleo, Maria C.
Messina, Giovanni
Parisi, Lucia
Carotenuto, Marco
Vetri, Luigi
Roccella, Michele
author_facet Marotta, Rosa
Risoleo, Maria C.
Messina, Giovanni
Parisi, Lucia
Carotenuto, Marco
Vetri, Luigi
Roccella, Michele
author_sort Marotta, Rosa
collection PubMed
description Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) refers to complex neurobehavioral and neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior or interests, and altered sensory processing. Environmental, immunological, genetic, and epigenetic factors are implicated in the pathophysiology of autism and provoke the occurrence of neuroanatomical and neurochemical events relatively early in the development of the central nervous system. Many neurochemical pathways are involved in determining ASD; however, how these complex networks interact and cause the onset of the core symptoms of autism remains unclear. Further studies on neurochemical alterations in autism are necessary to clarify the early neurodevelopmental variations behind the enormous heterogeneity of autism spectrum disorder, and therefore lead to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of autism. In this review, we aim to delineate the state-of-the-art main research findings about the neurochemical alterations in autism etiology, and focuses on gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate, serotonin, dopamine, N-acetyl aspartate, oxytocin and arginine-vasopressin, melatonin, vitamin D, orexin, endogenous opioids, and acetylcholine. We also aim to suggest a possible related therapeutic approach that could improve the quality of ASD interventions. Over one hundred references were collected through electronic database searching in Medline and EMBASE (Ovid), Scopus (Elsevier), ERIC (Proquest), PubMed, and the Web of Science (ISI).
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spelling pubmed-71397202020-04-10 The Neurochemistry of Autism Marotta, Rosa Risoleo, Maria C. Messina, Giovanni Parisi, Lucia Carotenuto, Marco Vetri, Luigi Roccella, Michele Brain Sci Opinion Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) refers to complex neurobehavioral and neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior or interests, and altered sensory processing. Environmental, immunological, genetic, and epigenetic factors are implicated in the pathophysiology of autism and provoke the occurrence of neuroanatomical and neurochemical events relatively early in the development of the central nervous system. Many neurochemical pathways are involved in determining ASD; however, how these complex networks interact and cause the onset of the core symptoms of autism remains unclear. Further studies on neurochemical alterations in autism are necessary to clarify the early neurodevelopmental variations behind the enormous heterogeneity of autism spectrum disorder, and therefore lead to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of autism. In this review, we aim to delineate the state-of-the-art main research findings about the neurochemical alterations in autism etiology, and focuses on gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate, serotonin, dopamine, N-acetyl aspartate, oxytocin and arginine-vasopressin, melatonin, vitamin D, orexin, endogenous opioids, and acetylcholine. We also aim to suggest a possible related therapeutic approach that could improve the quality of ASD interventions. Over one hundred references were collected through electronic database searching in Medline and EMBASE (Ovid), Scopus (Elsevier), ERIC (Proquest), PubMed, and the Web of Science (ISI). MDPI 2020-03-13 /pmc/articles/PMC7139720/ /pubmed/32182969 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10030163 Text en © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Opinion
Marotta, Rosa
Risoleo, Maria C.
Messina, Giovanni
Parisi, Lucia
Carotenuto, Marco
Vetri, Luigi
Roccella, Michele
The Neurochemistry of Autism
title The Neurochemistry of Autism
title_full The Neurochemistry of Autism
title_fullStr The Neurochemistry of Autism
title_full_unstemmed The Neurochemistry of Autism
title_short The Neurochemistry of Autism
title_sort neurochemistry of autism
topic Opinion
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7139720/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32182969
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10030163
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