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Protein Expression in Metastatic Melanoma and the Link to Disease Presentation in a Range of Tumor Phenotypes
Malignant melanoma is among the most aggressive skin cancers and it has among the highest metastatic potentials. Although surgery to remove the primary tumor is the gold standard treatment, once melanoma progresses and metastasizes to the lymph nodes and distal organs, i.e., metastatic melanoma (MM)...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2020
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7140007/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32213878 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12030767 |
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author | Kim, Yonghyo Gil, Jeovanis Pla, Indira Sanchez, Aniel Betancourt, Lazaro Hiram Lee, Boram Appelqvist, Roger Ingvar, Christian Lundgren, Lotta Olsson, Håkan Baldetorp, Bo Kwon, Ho Jeong Oskolás, Henriett Rezeli, Melinda Doma, Viktoria Kárpáti, Sarolta Szasz, A. Marcell Németh, István Balázs Malm, Johan Marko-Varga, György |
author_facet | Kim, Yonghyo Gil, Jeovanis Pla, Indira Sanchez, Aniel Betancourt, Lazaro Hiram Lee, Boram Appelqvist, Roger Ingvar, Christian Lundgren, Lotta Olsson, Håkan Baldetorp, Bo Kwon, Ho Jeong Oskolás, Henriett Rezeli, Melinda Doma, Viktoria Kárpáti, Sarolta Szasz, A. Marcell Németh, István Balázs Malm, Johan Marko-Varga, György |
author_sort | Kim, Yonghyo |
collection | PubMed |
description | Malignant melanoma is among the most aggressive skin cancers and it has among the highest metastatic potentials. Although surgery to remove the primary tumor is the gold standard treatment, once melanoma progresses and metastasizes to the lymph nodes and distal organs, i.e., metastatic melanoma (MM), the usual outcome is decreased survival. To improve survival rates and life span, advanced treatments have focused on the success of targeted therapies in the MAPK pathway that are based on BRAF (BRAF V600E) and MEK. The majority of patients with tumors that have higher expression of BRAF V600E show poorer prognosis than patients with a lower level of the mutated protein. Based on the molecular basis of melanoma, these findings are supported by distinct tumor phenotypes determined from differences in tumor heterogeneity and protein expression profiles. With these aspects in mind, continued challenges are to: (1) deconvolute the complexity and heterogeneity of MM; (2) identify the signaling pathways involved; and (3) determine protein expression to develop targeted therapies. Here, we provide an overview of the results from protein expression in MM and the link to disease presentation in a variety of tumor phenotypes and how these will overcome the challenges of clinical problems and suggest new promising approaches in metastatic melanoma and cancer therapy. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7140007 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-71400072020-04-13 Protein Expression in Metastatic Melanoma and the Link to Disease Presentation in a Range of Tumor Phenotypes Kim, Yonghyo Gil, Jeovanis Pla, Indira Sanchez, Aniel Betancourt, Lazaro Hiram Lee, Boram Appelqvist, Roger Ingvar, Christian Lundgren, Lotta Olsson, Håkan Baldetorp, Bo Kwon, Ho Jeong Oskolás, Henriett Rezeli, Melinda Doma, Viktoria Kárpáti, Sarolta Szasz, A. Marcell Németh, István Balázs Malm, Johan Marko-Varga, György Cancers (Basel) Perspective Malignant melanoma is among the most aggressive skin cancers and it has among the highest metastatic potentials. Although surgery to remove the primary tumor is the gold standard treatment, once melanoma progresses and metastasizes to the lymph nodes and distal organs, i.e., metastatic melanoma (MM), the usual outcome is decreased survival. To improve survival rates and life span, advanced treatments have focused on the success of targeted therapies in the MAPK pathway that are based on BRAF (BRAF V600E) and MEK. The majority of patients with tumors that have higher expression of BRAF V600E show poorer prognosis than patients with a lower level of the mutated protein. Based on the molecular basis of melanoma, these findings are supported by distinct tumor phenotypes determined from differences in tumor heterogeneity and protein expression profiles. With these aspects in mind, continued challenges are to: (1) deconvolute the complexity and heterogeneity of MM; (2) identify the signaling pathways involved; and (3) determine protein expression to develop targeted therapies. Here, we provide an overview of the results from protein expression in MM and the link to disease presentation in a variety of tumor phenotypes and how these will overcome the challenges of clinical problems and suggest new promising approaches in metastatic melanoma and cancer therapy. MDPI 2020-03-24 /pmc/articles/PMC7140007/ /pubmed/32213878 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12030767 Text en © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Perspective Kim, Yonghyo Gil, Jeovanis Pla, Indira Sanchez, Aniel Betancourt, Lazaro Hiram Lee, Boram Appelqvist, Roger Ingvar, Christian Lundgren, Lotta Olsson, Håkan Baldetorp, Bo Kwon, Ho Jeong Oskolás, Henriett Rezeli, Melinda Doma, Viktoria Kárpáti, Sarolta Szasz, A. Marcell Németh, István Balázs Malm, Johan Marko-Varga, György Protein Expression in Metastatic Melanoma and the Link to Disease Presentation in a Range of Tumor Phenotypes |
title | Protein Expression in Metastatic Melanoma and the Link to Disease Presentation in a Range of Tumor Phenotypes |
title_full | Protein Expression in Metastatic Melanoma and the Link to Disease Presentation in a Range of Tumor Phenotypes |
title_fullStr | Protein Expression in Metastatic Melanoma and the Link to Disease Presentation in a Range of Tumor Phenotypes |
title_full_unstemmed | Protein Expression in Metastatic Melanoma and the Link to Disease Presentation in a Range of Tumor Phenotypes |
title_short | Protein Expression in Metastatic Melanoma and the Link to Disease Presentation in a Range of Tumor Phenotypes |
title_sort | protein expression in metastatic melanoma and the link to disease presentation in a range of tumor phenotypes |
topic | Perspective |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7140007/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32213878 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12030767 |
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