Decoding the Role of Interleukin-30 in the Crosstalk between Cancer and Myeloid Cells

In the last few years, a new actor hit the scene of the tumor microenvironment, the p28 subunit of interleukin (IL)-27, known as IL-30. Its molecular structure allows it to function as an autonomous cytokine and, alternatively, to pair with other subunits to form heterodimeric complexes and enables it to play different, and not fully elucidated, roles in immunity. However, data from the experimental models and clinical samples, suggest IL-30′s engagement in the relationship between cancer and myeloid cells, which fosters the tumor microenvironment and the cancer stem cell niche, boosting the disease progression. Activated myeloid cells are the primary cellular source and one of the targets of IL-30, which can also be produced by cancer cells, especially, in aggressive tumors, as observed in the breast and prostate. This review briefly reports on the immunobiology of IL-30 and related cytokines, by comparing mouse and human counterparts, and then focuses on the mechanisms whereby IL-30 amplifies intratumoral myeloid cell infiltrate and triggers a vicious cycle that worsens immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and constitutes a real threat for a successful immunotherapeutic strategy.