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Diagnosing BERT with Retrieval Heuristics
Word embeddings, made widely popular in 2013 with the release of word2vec, have become a mainstay of NLP engineering pipelines. Recently, with the release of BERT, word embeddings have moved from the term-based embedding space to the contextual embedding space—each term is no longer represented by a...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
2020
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7148226/ http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45439-5_40 |
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author | Câmara, Arthur Hauff, Claudia |
author_facet | Câmara, Arthur Hauff, Claudia |
author_sort | Câmara, Arthur |
collection | PubMed |
description | Word embeddings, made widely popular in 2013 with the release of word2vec, have become a mainstay of NLP engineering pipelines. Recently, with the release of BERT, word embeddings have moved from the term-based embedding space to the contextual embedding space—each term is no longer represented by a single low-dimensional vector but instead each term and its context determine the vector weights. BERT’s setup and architecture have been shown to be general enough to be applicable to many natural language tasks. Importantly for Information Retrieval (IR), in contrast to prior deep learning solutions to IR problems which required significant tuning of neural net architectures and training regimes, “vanilla BERT” has been shown to outperform existing retrieval algorithms by a wide margin, including on tasks and corpora that have long resisted retrieval effectiveness gains over traditional IR baselines (such as Robust04). In this paper, we employ the recently proposed axiomatic dataset analysis technique—that is, we create diagnostic datasets that each fulfil a retrieval heuristic (both term matching and semantic-based)—to explore what BERT is able to learn. In contrast to our expectations, we find BERT, when applied to a recently released large-scale web corpus with ad-hoc topics, to not adhere to any of the explored axioms. At the same time, BERT outperforms the traditional query likelihood retrieval model by 40%. This means that the axiomatic approach to IR (and its extension of diagnostic datasets created for retrieval heuristics) may in its current form not be applicable to large-scale corpora. Additional—different—axioms are needed. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7148226 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-71482262020-04-13 Diagnosing BERT with Retrieval Heuristics Câmara, Arthur Hauff, Claudia Advances in Information Retrieval Article Word embeddings, made widely popular in 2013 with the release of word2vec, have become a mainstay of NLP engineering pipelines. Recently, with the release of BERT, word embeddings have moved from the term-based embedding space to the contextual embedding space—each term is no longer represented by a single low-dimensional vector but instead each term and its context determine the vector weights. BERT’s setup and architecture have been shown to be general enough to be applicable to many natural language tasks. Importantly for Information Retrieval (IR), in contrast to prior deep learning solutions to IR problems which required significant tuning of neural net architectures and training regimes, “vanilla BERT” has been shown to outperform existing retrieval algorithms by a wide margin, including on tasks and corpora that have long resisted retrieval effectiveness gains over traditional IR baselines (such as Robust04). In this paper, we employ the recently proposed axiomatic dataset analysis technique—that is, we create diagnostic datasets that each fulfil a retrieval heuristic (both term matching and semantic-based)—to explore what BERT is able to learn. In contrast to our expectations, we find BERT, when applied to a recently released large-scale web corpus with ad-hoc topics, to not adhere to any of the explored axioms. At the same time, BERT outperforms the traditional query likelihood retrieval model by 40%. This means that the axiomatic approach to IR (and its extension of diagnostic datasets created for retrieval heuristics) may in its current form not be applicable to large-scale corpora. Additional—different—axioms are needed. 2020-03-17 /pmc/articles/PMC7148226/ http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45439-5_40 Text en © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic. |
spellingShingle | Article Câmara, Arthur Hauff, Claudia Diagnosing BERT with Retrieval Heuristics |
title | Diagnosing BERT with Retrieval Heuristics |
title_full | Diagnosing BERT with Retrieval Heuristics |
title_fullStr | Diagnosing BERT with Retrieval Heuristics |
title_full_unstemmed | Diagnosing BERT with Retrieval Heuristics |
title_short | Diagnosing BERT with Retrieval Heuristics |
title_sort | diagnosing bert with retrieval heuristics |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7148226/ http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45439-5_40 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT camaraarthur diagnosingbertwithretrievalheuristics AT hauffclaudia diagnosingbertwithretrievalheuristics |