Initial Report: A Novel Intraoperative Navigation System for Laparoscopic Liver Resection Using Real-Time Virtual Sonography

Recent progress in navigation has revealed problems involving non-rigid registration for hepatic surgery. With the increasing popularity of laparoscopic liver surgery, a new laparoscopic navigation system is necessary. This study involved an in-vitro demonstration of a 3-dimensional printer model and in vivo demonstration in four patients. For the in vitro examination, a position detecting unit attached at 33 cm and 13 cm distance conditions from the tip of the electrocautery was examined eight times at the marked points on the liver surface eight times respectively. The differences between the simulation and the authentic dissecting plane were conventionally investigated in vivo. In vitro, the errors of the 33 cm and 13 cm distance model were7.8 ± 3.5 mm (mean ± SD), and 3.3 ± 1.0 mm, respectively. The mean differences of the dissection plane were within 10 mm. The potentiality and safety of the novel navigation system was confirmed, although further investigation is recommended.