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Cyanotoxins Occurrence in Portugal: A New Report on Their Recent Multiplication
Historical reports show that in Portugal, cyanotoxins reports were mainly in the Center (cylindrospermopsins) and South (cylindrospermopsins, saxitoxins) regions of the country apart from the well distributed microcystins. Therefore, in our study, seven freshwater ecosystems located in the North and...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2020
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7150953/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32121468 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12030154 |
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author | Moreira, Cristiana Gomes, Cidália Vasconcelos, Vitor Antunes, Agostinho |
author_facet | Moreira, Cristiana Gomes, Cidália Vasconcelos, Vitor Antunes, Agostinho |
author_sort | Moreira, Cristiana |
collection | PubMed |
description | Historical reports show that in Portugal, cyanotoxins reports were mainly in the Center (cylindrospermopsins) and South (cylindrospermopsins, saxitoxins) regions of the country apart from the well distributed microcystins. Therefore, in our study, seven freshwater ecosystems located in the North and Center Regions of Portugal were screened between April and September of 2017 for the main cyanotoxins (microcystins, cylindrospermopsins, anatoxin-a, and saxitoxins) by a two methods approach that combined the application of molecular (PCR) and immunological (ELISA) assays. Results from our survey reveal that both methods revealed the presence of all main cyanotoxins. ELISA results showed that 48% of the samples were above (1.6–18.8 μg/L) the guideline value established for microcystins (1 μg/L), while in the remaining cyanotoxins, 33% of the samples were above (1.1–6.8 μg/L) the guideline value established for anatoxin–a (1 μg/L). Further, for saxitoxins, only one sample gave a value above (4.3 μg/L) the guideline (3 μg/L) and this corresponded to a North Region ecosystem. In the cytotoxin cylindrospermopsins, none of the samples were above the guideline established value (1 μg/L). This study will improve the risk assessment strategy in Portugal, as well as advance water quality and water management. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7150953 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-71509532020-04-20 Cyanotoxins Occurrence in Portugal: A New Report on Their Recent Multiplication Moreira, Cristiana Gomes, Cidália Vasconcelos, Vitor Antunes, Agostinho Toxins (Basel) Article Historical reports show that in Portugal, cyanotoxins reports were mainly in the Center (cylindrospermopsins) and South (cylindrospermopsins, saxitoxins) regions of the country apart from the well distributed microcystins. Therefore, in our study, seven freshwater ecosystems located in the North and Center Regions of Portugal were screened between April and September of 2017 for the main cyanotoxins (microcystins, cylindrospermopsins, anatoxin-a, and saxitoxins) by a two methods approach that combined the application of molecular (PCR) and immunological (ELISA) assays. Results from our survey reveal that both methods revealed the presence of all main cyanotoxins. ELISA results showed that 48% of the samples were above (1.6–18.8 μg/L) the guideline value established for microcystins (1 μg/L), while in the remaining cyanotoxins, 33% of the samples were above (1.1–6.8 μg/L) the guideline value established for anatoxin–a (1 μg/L). Further, for saxitoxins, only one sample gave a value above (4.3 μg/L) the guideline (3 μg/L) and this corresponded to a North Region ecosystem. In the cytotoxin cylindrospermopsins, none of the samples were above the guideline established value (1 μg/L). This study will improve the risk assessment strategy in Portugal, as well as advance water quality and water management. MDPI 2020-02-29 /pmc/articles/PMC7150953/ /pubmed/32121468 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12030154 Text en © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Moreira, Cristiana Gomes, Cidália Vasconcelos, Vitor Antunes, Agostinho Cyanotoxins Occurrence in Portugal: A New Report on Their Recent Multiplication |
title | Cyanotoxins Occurrence in Portugal: A New Report on Their Recent Multiplication |
title_full | Cyanotoxins Occurrence in Portugal: A New Report on Their Recent Multiplication |
title_fullStr | Cyanotoxins Occurrence in Portugal: A New Report on Their Recent Multiplication |
title_full_unstemmed | Cyanotoxins Occurrence in Portugal: A New Report on Their Recent Multiplication |
title_short | Cyanotoxins Occurrence in Portugal: A New Report on Their Recent Multiplication |
title_sort | cyanotoxins occurrence in portugal: a new report on their recent multiplication |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7150953/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32121468 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12030154 |
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