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Substandard and Falsified Medicines in Myanmar

Background: substandard and falsified medicines (SFMs) are a threat to public health. The availability of SFMs in Myanmar was reported by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1999, but there have been few systematic surveys on falsified medicines in Myanmar since then. The aim of this study is to...

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Autores principales: Sakuda, Mirai, Yoshida, Naoko, Takaoka, Takashi, Sanada, Tomoko, Rahman, Mohammad Sofiqur, Tanimoto, Tsuyoshi, Zin, Theingi, Kimura, Kazuko, Tsuboi, Hirohito
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7151720/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32204459
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy8010045
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author Sakuda, Mirai
Yoshida, Naoko
Takaoka, Takashi
Sanada, Tomoko
Rahman, Mohammad Sofiqur
Tanimoto, Tsuyoshi
Zin, Theingi
Kimura, Kazuko
Tsuboi, Hirohito
author_facet Sakuda, Mirai
Yoshida, Naoko
Takaoka, Takashi
Sanada, Tomoko
Rahman, Mohammad Sofiqur
Tanimoto, Tsuyoshi
Zin, Theingi
Kimura, Kazuko
Tsuboi, Hirohito
author_sort Sakuda, Mirai
collection PubMed
description Background: substandard and falsified medicines (SFMs) are a threat to public health. The availability of SFMs in Myanmar was reported by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1999, but there have been few systematic surveys on falsified medicines in Myanmar since then. The aim of this study is to examine the extent of SFMs for sale in Myanmar. Methods: target medicines were tablets of candesartan, metformin, and pioglitazone, and infusions of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin. Samples were collected from hospitals, pharmacies, and wholesalers located in the Mandalay region in 2015. We carried out observation testing, authenticity investigation, and quality testing to search for SFMs, and analyzed the relationship between SFMs and the price and store type. Results: There were no falsified medicines found in the authenticity check, though there remained a problem due to low response rates from manufacturers and regulatory authorities. In the quality test, some tablets of metformin and pioglitazone made in India failed the dissolution test. Conclusions: although no serious problems were found, some substandard medicines were detected. Regular surveys to monitor SFMs are therefore recommended, together with further regulatory guidance to improve conditions in all medicine manufacturers, distributors, and pharmacies.
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spelling pubmed-71517202020-04-20 Substandard and Falsified Medicines in Myanmar Sakuda, Mirai Yoshida, Naoko Takaoka, Takashi Sanada, Tomoko Rahman, Mohammad Sofiqur Tanimoto, Tsuyoshi Zin, Theingi Kimura, Kazuko Tsuboi, Hirohito Pharmacy (Basel) Article Background: substandard and falsified medicines (SFMs) are a threat to public health. The availability of SFMs in Myanmar was reported by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1999, but there have been few systematic surveys on falsified medicines in Myanmar since then. The aim of this study is to examine the extent of SFMs for sale in Myanmar. Methods: target medicines were tablets of candesartan, metformin, and pioglitazone, and infusions of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin. Samples were collected from hospitals, pharmacies, and wholesalers located in the Mandalay region in 2015. We carried out observation testing, authenticity investigation, and quality testing to search for SFMs, and analyzed the relationship between SFMs and the price and store type. Results: There were no falsified medicines found in the authenticity check, though there remained a problem due to low response rates from manufacturers and regulatory authorities. In the quality test, some tablets of metformin and pioglitazone made in India failed the dissolution test. Conclusions: although no serious problems were found, some substandard medicines were detected. Regular surveys to monitor SFMs are therefore recommended, together with further regulatory guidance to improve conditions in all medicine manufacturers, distributors, and pharmacies. MDPI 2020-03-19 /pmc/articles/PMC7151720/ /pubmed/32204459 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy8010045 Text en © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Sakuda, Mirai
Yoshida, Naoko
Takaoka, Takashi
Sanada, Tomoko
Rahman, Mohammad Sofiqur
Tanimoto, Tsuyoshi
Zin, Theingi
Kimura, Kazuko
Tsuboi, Hirohito
Substandard and Falsified Medicines in Myanmar
title Substandard and Falsified Medicines in Myanmar
title_full Substandard and Falsified Medicines in Myanmar
title_fullStr Substandard and Falsified Medicines in Myanmar
title_full_unstemmed Substandard and Falsified Medicines in Myanmar
title_short Substandard and Falsified Medicines in Myanmar
title_sort substandard and falsified medicines in myanmar
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7151720/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32204459
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy8010045
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