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When the noise goes on: received sound energy predicts sperm whale responses to both intermittent and continuous navy sonar
Anthropogenic noise sources range from intermittent to continuous, with seismic and navy sonar technology moving towards near-continuous transmissions. Continuous active sonar (CAS) may be used at a lower amplitude than traditional pulsed active sonar (PAS), but potentially with greater cumulative s...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
The Company of Biologists Ltd
2020
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7157582/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32107307 http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.219741 |
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author | Isojunno, Saana Wensveen, Paul J. Lam, Frans-Peter A. Kvadsheim, Petter H. von Benda-Beckmann, Alexander M. Martín López, Lucía M. Kleivane, Lars Siegal, Eilidh M. Miller, Patrick J. O. |
author_facet | Isojunno, Saana Wensveen, Paul J. Lam, Frans-Peter A. Kvadsheim, Petter H. von Benda-Beckmann, Alexander M. Martín López, Lucía M. Kleivane, Lars Siegal, Eilidh M. Miller, Patrick J. O. |
author_sort | Isojunno, Saana |
collection | PubMed |
description | Anthropogenic noise sources range from intermittent to continuous, with seismic and navy sonar technology moving towards near-continuous transmissions. Continuous active sonar (CAS) may be used at a lower amplitude than traditional pulsed active sonar (PAS), but potentially with greater cumulative sound energy. We conducted at-sea experiments to contrast the effects of navy PAS versus CAS on sperm whale behaviour using animal-attached sound- and movement-recording tags (n=16 individuals) in Norway. Changes in foraging effort and proxies for foraging success and cost during sonar and control exposures were assessed while accounting for baseline variation [individual effects, time of day, bathymetry and blackfish (pilot/killer whale) presence] in generalized additive mixed models (GAMMs). We found no reduction in time spent foraging during exposures to medium-level PAS (MPAS) transmitted at the same peak amplitude as CAS. In contrast, we found similar reductions in foraging during CAS (d.f.=1, F=8.0, P=0.005) and higher amplitude PAS (d.f.=1, F=20.8, P<0.001) when received at similar energy levels integrated over signal duration. These results provide clear support for sound energy over amplitude as the response driver. We discuss the importance of exposure context and the need to measure cumulative sound energy to account for intermittent versus more continuous sources in noise impact assessments. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7157582 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | The Company of Biologists Ltd |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-71575822020-05-06 When the noise goes on: received sound energy predicts sperm whale responses to both intermittent and continuous navy sonar Isojunno, Saana Wensveen, Paul J. Lam, Frans-Peter A. Kvadsheim, Petter H. von Benda-Beckmann, Alexander M. Martín López, Lucía M. Kleivane, Lars Siegal, Eilidh M. Miller, Patrick J. O. J Exp Biol Research Article Anthropogenic noise sources range from intermittent to continuous, with seismic and navy sonar technology moving towards near-continuous transmissions. Continuous active sonar (CAS) may be used at a lower amplitude than traditional pulsed active sonar (PAS), but potentially with greater cumulative sound energy. We conducted at-sea experiments to contrast the effects of navy PAS versus CAS on sperm whale behaviour using animal-attached sound- and movement-recording tags (n=16 individuals) in Norway. Changes in foraging effort and proxies for foraging success and cost during sonar and control exposures were assessed while accounting for baseline variation [individual effects, time of day, bathymetry and blackfish (pilot/killer whale) presence] in generalized additive mixed models (GAMMs). We found no reduction in time spent foraging during exposures to medium-level PAS (MPAS) transmitted at the same peak amplitude as CAS. In contrast, we found similar reductions in foraging during CAS (d.f.=1, F=8.0, P=0.005) and higher amplitude PAS (d.f.=1, F=20.8, P<0.001) when received at similar energy levels integrated over signal duration. These results provide clear support for sound energy over amplitude as the response driver. We discuss the importance of exposure context and the need to measure cumulative sound energy to account for intermittent versus more continuous sources in noise impact assessments. The Company of Biologists Ltd 2020-04-06 /pmc/articles/PMC7157582/ /pubmed/32107307 http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.219741 Text en © 2020. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Isojunno, Saana Wensveen, Paul J. Lam, Frans-Peter A. Kvadsheim, Petter H. von Benda-Beckmann, Alexander M. Martín López, Lucía M. Kleivane, Lars Siegal, Eilidh M. Miller, Patrick J. O. When the noise goes on: received sound energy predicts sperm whale responses to both intermittent and continuous navy sonar |
title | When the noise goes on: received sound energy predicts sperm whale responses to both intermittent and continuous navy sonar |
title_full | When the noise goes on: received sound energy predicts sperm whale responses to both intermittent and continuous navy sonar |
title_fullStr | When the noise goes on: received sound energy predicts sperm whale responses to both intermittent and continuous navy sonar |
title_full_unstemmed | When the noise goes on: received sound energy predicts sperm whale responses to both intermittent and continuous navy sonar |
title_short | When the noise goes on: received sound energy predicts sperm whale responses to both intermittent and continuous navy sonar |
title_sort | when the noise goes on: received sound energy predicts sperm whale responses to both intermittent and continuous navy sonar |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7157582/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32107307 http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.219741 |
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