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Free to Circulate: An Update on the Epidemiological Dynamics of Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV-2) in Italy Reveals the Role of Local Spreading, Wild Populations, and Foreign Countries

Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) is one of the most impactful and widespread pathogens of the modern swine industry. Unlike other DNA viruses, PCV-2 is featured by a remarkable genetic variability, which has led to the emergence and recognition of different genotypes, some of which (PCV-2a, 2b, and 2d)...

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Autores principales: Franzo, Giovanni, Tinello, Susanna, Grassi, Laura, Tucciarone, Claudia Maria, Legnardi, Matteo, Cecchinato, Mattia, Dotto, Giorgia, Mondin, Alessandra, Martini, Marco, Pasotto, Daniela, Menandro, Maria Luisa, Drigo, Michele
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7157736/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32192210
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9030221
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author Franzo, Giovanni
Tinello, Susanna
Grassi, Laura
Tucciarone, Claudia Maria
Legnardi, Matteo
Cecchinato, Mattia
Dotto, Giorgia
Mondin, Alessandra
Martini, Marco
Pasotto, Daniela
Menandro, Maria Luisa
Drigo, Michele
author_facet Franzo, Giovanni
Tinello, Susanna
Grassi, Laura
Tucciarone, Claudia Maria
Legnardi, Matteo
Cecchinato, Mattia
Dotto, Giorgia
Mondin, Alessandra
Martini, Marco
Pasotto, Daniela
Menandro, Maria Luisa
Drigo, Michele
author_sort Franzo, Giovanni
collection PubMed
description Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) is one of the most impactful and widespread pathogens of the modern swine industry. Unlike other DNA viruses, PCV-2 is featured by a remarkable genetic variability, which has led to the emergence and recognition of different genotypes, some of which (PCV-2a, 2b, and 2d) have alternated over time. Currently, PCV-2d is considered the most prevalent genotype, and some evidence of differential virulence and vaccine efficacy have been reported. Despite the potential practical relevance, the data on PCV-2 epidemiology in Italy are quite outdated and do not quantify the actual circulation of this genotype in Italy. In the present study, 82 complete ORF2 sequences were obtained from domestic pigs and wild boars sampled in Northern Italy in the period 2013–2018 and merged with those previously obtained from Italy and other countries. A combination of phylogenetic, haplotype network, and phylodynamic analyses were used to genotype the collected strains and evaluate the temporal trend and the spatial and host spread dynamics. A rising number of PCV-2d detections was observed in domestic pigs, particularly since 2013, reaching a detection frequency comparable to PCV-2b. A similar picture was observed in wild boars, although a lower sequence number was available. Overall, the present study demonstrates the extreme complexity of PCV-2 molecular epidemiology in Italy, the significant spread across different regions, the recurrent introduction from foreign countries, and the frequent occurrence of recombination events. Although a higher viral flux occurred from domestic to wild populations than vice versa, wild boars seem to maintain PCV-2 infection and spread it over relatively long distances.
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spelling pubmed-71577362020-04-21 Free to Circulate: An Update on the Epidemiological Dynamics of Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV-2) in Italy Reveals the Role of Local Spreading, Wild Populations, and Foreign Countries Franzo, Giovanni Tinello, Susanna Grassi, Laura Tucciarone, Claudia Maria Legnardi, Matteo Cecchinato, Mattia Dotto, Giorgia Mondin, Alessandra Martini, Marco Pasotto, Daniela Menandro, Maria Luisa Drigo, Michele Pathogens Article Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) is one of the most impactful and widespread pathogens of the modern swine industry. Unlike other DNA viruses, PCV-2 is featured by a remarkable genetic variability, which has led to the emergence and recognition of different genotypes, some of which (PCV-2a, 2b, and 2d) have alternated over time. Currently, PCV-2d is considered the most prevalent genotype, and some evidence of differential virulence and vaccine efficacy have been reported. Despite the potential practical relevance, the data on PCV-2 epidemiology in Italy are quite outdated and do not quantify the actual circulation of this genotype in Italy. In the present study, 82 complete ORF2 sequences were obtained from domestic pigs and wild boars sampled in Northern Italy in the period 2013–2018 and merged with those previously obtained from Italy and other countries. A combination of phylogenetic, haplotype network, and phylodynamic analyses were used to genotype the collected strains and evaluate the temporal trend and the spatial and host spread dynamics. A rising number of PCV-2d detections was observed in domestic pigs, particularly since 2013, reaching a detection frequency comparable to PCV-2b. A similar picture was observed in wild boars, although a lower sequence number was available. Overall, the present study demonstrates the extreme complexity of PCV-2 molecular epidemiology in Italy, the significant spread across different regions, the recurrent introduction from foreign countries, and the frequent occurrence of recombination events. Although a higher viral flux occurred from domestic to wild populations than vice versa, wild boars seem to maintain PCV-2 infection and spread it over relatively long distances. MDPI 2020-03-17 /pmc/articles/PMC7157736/ /pubmed/32192210 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9030221 Text en © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Franzo, Giovanni
Tinello, Susanna
Grassi, Laura
Tucciarone, Claudia Maria
Legnardi, Matteo
Cecchinato, Mattia
Dotto, Giorgia
Mondin, Alessandra
Martini, Marco
Pasotto, Daniela
Menandro, Maria Luisa
Drigo, Michele
Free to Circulate: An Update on the Epidemiological Dynamics of Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV-2) in Italy Reveals the Role of Local Spreading, Wild Populations, and Foreign Countries
title Free to Circulate: An Update on the Epidemiological Dynamics of Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV-2) in Italy Reveals the Role of Local Spreading, Wild Populations, and Foreign Countries
title_full Free to Circulate: An Update on the Epidemiological Dynamics of Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV-2) in Italy Reveals the Role of Local Spreading, Wild Populations, and Foreign Countries
title_fullStr Free to Circulate: An Update on the Epidemiological Dynamics of Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV-2) in Italy Reveals the Role of Local Spreading, Wild Populations, and Foreign Countries
title_full_unstemmed Free to Circulate: An Update on the Epidemiological Dynamics of Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV-2) in Italy Reveals the Role of Local Spreading, Wild Populations, and Foreign Countries
title_short Free to Circulate: An Update on the Epidemiological Dynamics of Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV-2) in Italy Reveals the Role of Local Spreading, Wild Populations, and Foreign Countries
title_sort free to circulate: an update on the epidemiological dynamics of porcine circovirus 2 (pcv-2) in italy reveals the role of local spreading, wild populations, and foreign countries
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7157736/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32192210
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9030221
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