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The influence of chlorine in indoor swimming pools on the composition of breathing phase of professional swimmers
OBJECTIVES: Swimming is one of the most popular forms of physical activity. Pool water is cleaned with chlorine, which - in combination with compounds contained in water - could form chloramines and trichloromethane in the swimmer’s lungs. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of sw...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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BioMed Central
2020
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7161211/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295600 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12931-020-01350-y |
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author | Swinarew, Andrzej S. Stanula, Arkadiusz J. Gabor, Jadwiga Raif, Paweł Paluch, Jarosław Karpiński, Jakub Kubik, Klaudia Okła, Hubert Ostrowski, Andrzej Tkacz, Ewaryst Skoczyński, Szymon Waśkiewicz, Zbigniew Rosemann, Thomas Nikolaidis, Pantelis T. Knechtle, Beat |
author_facet | Swinarew, Andrzej S. Stanula, Arkadiusz J. Gabor, Jadwiga Raif, Paweł Paluch, Jarosław Karpiński, Jakub Kubik, Klaudia Okła, Hubert Ostrowski, Andrzej Tkacz, Ewaryst Skoczyński, Szymon Waśkiewicz, Zbigniew Rosemann, Thomas Nikolaidis, Pantelis T. Knechtle, Beat |
author_sort | Swinarew, Andrzej S. |
collection | PubMed |
description | OBJECTIVES: Swimming is one of the most popular forms of physical activity. Pool water is cleaned with chlorine, which - in combination with compounds contained in water - could form chloramines and trichloromethane in the swimmer’s lungs. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of swimming training in an indoor pool on the composition of swimmers’ respiratory phase metabolomics, and develop a system to provide basic information about its impact on the swimmer’s airway mucosa metabolism, which could help to assess the risk of secondary respiratory tract diseases i.e. sport results, condition, and health including lung acute and chronic diseases). DESIGN: A group of competitive swimmers participated in the study and samples of their respiratory phase before training, immediately after training, and 2 h after training were assessed. METHODS: Sixteen male national and international-level competitive swimmers participated in this study. Respiratory phase analysis of the indoor swimming pool swimmers was performed. Gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (GCMS) was used in the measurements. All collected data were transferred to numerical analysis for trends of tracking and mapping. The breathing phase was collected on special porous material and analyzed using GCMS headspace. RESULTS: The obtained samples of exhaled air were composed of significantly different metabolomics when compared before, during and after exercise training. This suggests that exposition to indoor chlorine causes changes in the airway mucosa. CONCLUSION: This phenomenon may be explained by occurrence of a chlorine-initiated bio-reaction in the swimmers’ lungs. The obtained results indicate that chromatographic exhaled gas analysis is a sensitive method of pulmonary metabolomic changes assessment. Presented analysis of swimmers exhaled air indicates, that indoor swimming may be responsible for airway irritation caused by volatile chlorine compounds and their influence on lung metabolism. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7161211 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-71612112020-04-22 The influence of chlorine in indoor swimming pools on the composition of breathing phase of professional swimmers Swinarew, Andrzej S. Stanula, Arkadiusz J. Gabor, Jadwiga Raif, Paweł Paluch, Jarosław Karpiński, Jakub Kubik, Klaudia Okła, Hubert Ostrowski, Andrzej Tkacz, Ewaryst Skoczyński, Szymon Waśkiewicz, Zbigniew Rosemann, Thomas Nikolaidis, Pantelis T. Knechtle, Beat Respir Res Research OBJECTIVES: Swimming is one of the most popular forms of physical activity. Pool water is cleaned with chlorine, which - in combination with compounds contained in water - could form chloramines and trichloromethane in the swimmer’s lungs. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of swimming training in an indoor pool on the composition of swimmers’ respiratory phase metabolomics, and develop a system to provide basic information about its impact on the swimmer’s airway mucosa metabolism, which could help to assess the risk of secondary respiratory tract diseases i.e. sport results, condition, and health including lung acute and chronic diseases). DESIGN: A group of competitive swimmers participated in the study and samples of their respiratory phase before training, immediately after training, and 2 h after training were assessed. METHODS: Sixteen male national and international-level competitive swimmers participated in this study. Respiratory phase analysis of the indoor swimming pool swimmers was performed. Gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (GCMS) was used in the measurements. All collected data were transferred to numerical analysis for trends of tracking and mapping. The breathing phase was collected on special porous material and analyzed using GCMS headspace. RESULTS: The obtained samples of exhaled air were composed of significantly different metabolomics when compared before, during and after exercise training. This suggests that exposition to indoor chlorine causes changes in the airway mucosa. CONCLUSION: This phenomenon may be explained by occurrence of a chlorine-initiated bio-reaction in the swimmers’ lungs. The obtained results indicate that chromatographic exhaled gas analysis is a sensitive method of pulmonary metabolomic changes assessment. Presented analysis of swimmers exhaled air indicates, that indoor swimming may be responsible for airway irritation caused by volatile chlorine compounds and their influence on lung metabolism. BioMed Central 2020-04-15 2020 /pmc/articles/PMC7161211/ /pubmed/32295600 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12931-020-01350-y Text en © The Author(s) 2020 Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. |
spellingShingle | Research Swinarew, Andrzej S. Stanula, Arkadiusz J. Gabor, Jadwiga Raif, Paweł Paluch, Jarosław Karpiński, Jakub Kubik, Klaudia Okła, Hubert Ostrowski, Andrzej Tkacz, Ewaryst Skoczyński, Szymon Waśkiewicz, Zbigniew Rosemann, Thomas Nikolaidis, Pantelis T. Knechtle, Beat The influence of chlorine in indoor swimming pools on the composition of breathing phase of professional swimmers |
title | The influence of chlorine in indoor swimming pools on the composition of breathing phase of professional swimmers |
title_full | The influence of chlorine in indoor swimming pools on the composition of breathing phase of professional swimmers |
title_fullStr | The influence of chlorine in indoor swimming pools on the composition of breathing phase of professional swimmers |
title_full_unstemmed | The influence of chlorine in indoor swimming pools on the composition of breathing phase of professional swimmers |
title_short | The influence of chlorine in indoor swimming pools on the composition of breathing phase of professional swimmers |
title_sort | influence of chlorine in indoor swimming pools on the composition of breathing phase of professional swimmers |
topic | Research |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7161211/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32295600 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12931-020-01350-y |
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