Persistent rhinovirus infection in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients with impaired cellular immunity

BACKGROUND: HRV infections are generally self-limiting in healthy subjects, whereas in immunocompromised hosts HRV infections can lead to severe complications and persistent infections. The persistence of HRV shedding could be due to the inefficient immunological control of a single infectious episode. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the clinical, virologic and immunologic characteristics of pediatric HSCT recipients with HRV-PI infection. STUDY DESIGN: During the period 2006–2012, eight hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients presented with persistent rhinovirus infection (HRV-PI, ≥30 days). Viral load and T-CD4(+), T-CD8(+), B and NK lymphocyte counts at the onset of infection were compared with those of fourteen HSCT recipients with acute HRV infection (HRV-AI, ≤15 days). RESULTS: The median duration of HRV positivity in patients with HRV-PI was 61 days (range 30–174 days) and phylogenetic analysis showed the persistence of a single HRV type in all patients (100%). In HSCT recipients with HRV-PI, T-CD4(+), T-CD8(+) and NK cell counts at the onset of infection were significantly lower than those observed in recipients with HRV-AI (p < 0.01), while B cell counts were similar in the two groups (p = 0.25). A decrease in HRV load was associated with a significant increase in T-CD4(+), T-CD8(+)and NK lymphocyte counts in HRV-PI patients (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests a role for cellular immunity in HRV clearance and highlights the importance of its recovery for the control of HRV infection in HSCT recipients.