Factors of microinflammation in non-diabetic chronic kidney disease: a pilot study

BACKGROUND: The relationships between digestive bacterial translocation, uremic toxins, oxidative stress and microinflammation in a population of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients without metabolic nor inflammatory disease are unknown. METHODS: Bacterial translocation, uremic toxins, oxidative stress, and inflammation were assessed by measuring plasma levels of 16S ribosomal DNA (16S rDNA), p-cresyl sulfate (PCS), indoxyl sulfate (IS), indole acetic acid (IAA), F2-isoprostanes, hsCRP and receptor I of TNFα (RITNFα) in patients without metabolic nor inflammatory disease. 44 patients with CKD from stage IIIB to V and 14 controls with normal kidney function were included from the nephrology outpatients. 11 patients under hemodialysis (HD) were also included. Correlations between each factor and microinflammation markers were studied. RESULTS: 16S rDNA levels were not increased in CKD patients compared to controls but were decreased in HD compared to non-HD stage V patients (4.7 (3.9–5.3) vs 8.6 (5.9–9.7) copies/μl, p = 0.002). IS, PCS and IAA levels increased in HD compared to controls (106.3 (73.3–130.4) vs 3.17 (2.4–5.1) μmol/l, p < 0.0001 for IS; 174.2 (125–227.5) vs 23.7 (13.9–52.6) μmol/l, p = 0.006 for PCS; and 3.7 (2.6–4.6) vs 1.3 (1.0–1.9) μmol/l, p = 0.0002 for IAA). Urea increased in non-HD stage V patients compared to controls (27.6 (22.7–30.9) vs 5.4 (4.8–6.4) mmol/l, p < 0.0001) and was similar in HD and in non-HD stage V (19.3 (14.0–24.0) vs 27.6 (22.7–30.9) mmol/l, p = 0.7). RITNFα levels increased in HD patients compared to controls (12.6 (9.6–13.3) vs 1.1 (1.0–1.4) ng/ml, p < 0.0001); hsCRP levels increased in non-HD stage V patients compared to controls (2.9 (1.4–8.5) vs 0.8 (0.5–1.7) mg/l, p = 0.01) and remained stable in HD patients (2.9 (1.4–8.5) vs 5.1 (0.9–11.5) mg/l, p = 1). F2-isoprostanes did not differ in CKD patients compared to controls. Among uremic toxins, IS and urea were correlated to RITNFα (r = 0.8, p < 0.0001 for both). PCS, IS and urea were higher in patients with hsCRP≧5 mg/l (p = 0.01, 0.04 and 0.001 respectively). 16S rDNA, F2-isoprostanes were not correlated to microinflammation markers in our study. CONCLUSIONS: In CKD patients without any associated metabolic nor inflammatory disease, only PCS, IS, and urea were correlated with microinflammation. Bacterial translocation was decreased in patients under HD and was not correlated to microinflammation.