Icariin protects against sodium azide—induced neurotoxicity by activating the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathway

BACKGROUND: Icariin (ICA) is one of the major active flavonoids extracted from the traditional Chinese herb Epimedium brevicornum Maxim and has been shown to have neuroprotective effects. This study was designed to investigate the effect of ICA on sodium azide (NaN(3))-induced rat adrenal pheochromocytoma (PC12) cell damage and to further examine the underlying mechanisms. METHODS: To explore its possible mechanism, we used NaN(3) (50 mM)-induced neuronal PC12 cell damage. Cell viability was evaluated by CCK-8 and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was detected by JC-1. Glucose concentration was assessed by the glucose oxidase method. The role of ICA in the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathway was explored by Western blotting. RESULTS: The results indicate that pretreatment with ICA reduced NaN(3)-induced cell damage and significantly reduced the leakage rate of LDH in PC12 cells. ICA pretreatment increased the MMP and a decrease in glucose concentration indicate increased glucose consumption. Furthermore, the protein levels of p-PI3K (p85), PI3K-110α, p-Ser473-Akt and p-Ser9-GSK-3β were markedly decreased in PC12 cells after NaN(3) treatment for 24 h, whereas these effects were reverted after pretreatment with ICA. Tau phosphorylation at the Ser396/404 and Thr217 sites was significantly decreased by pretreatment with ICA. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that ICA protects against NaN(3)-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells by activating the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathway.