Cargando…
Investigation of East Asian Emissions of CFC-11 Using Atmospheric Observations in Taiwan
[Image: see text] Recent findings of an unexpected slowdown in the decline of CFC-11 mixing ratios in the atmosphere have led to the conclusion that global CFC-11 emissions have increased over the past decade and have been attributed in part to eastern China. This study independently assesses these...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , |
---|---|
Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
American
Chemical Society
2020
|
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7182312/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32126759 http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b06433 |
_version_ | 1783526221002309632 |
---|---|
author | Adcock, Karina E. Ashfold, Matthew J. Chou, Charles C.-K. Gooch, Lauren J. Mohd Hanif, Norfazrin Laube, Johannes C. Oram, David E. Ou-Yang, Chang-Feng Panagi, Marios Sturges, William T. Reeves, Claire E. |
author_facet | Adcock, Karina E. Ashfold, Matthew J. Chou, Charles C.-K. Gooch, Lauren J. Mohd Hanif, Norfazrin Laube, Johannes C. Oram, David E. Ou-Yang, Chang-Feng Panagi, Marios Sturges, William T. Reeves, Claire E. |
author_sort | Adcock, Karina E. |
collection | PubMed |
description | [Image: see text] Recent findings of an unexpected slowdown in the decline of CFC-11 mixing ratios in the atmosphere have led to the conclusion that global CFC-11 emissions have increased over the past decade and have been attributed in part to eastern China. This study independently assesses these findings by evaluating enhancements of CFC-11 mixing ratios in air samples collected in Taiwan between 2014 and 2018. Using the NAME (Numerical Atmospheric Modeling Environment) particle dispersion model, we find the likely source of the enhanced CFC-11 observed in Taiwan to be East China. Other halogenated trace gases were also measured, and there were positive interspecies correlations between CFC-11 and CHCl(3), CCl(4), HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b, CH(2)Cl(2), and HCFC-22, indicating co-location of the emissions of these compounds. These correlations in combination with published emission estimates of CH(2)Cl(2) and HCFC-22 from China, and of CHCl(3) and CCl(4) from eastern China, are used to estimate CFC-11 emissions. Within the uncertainties, these estimates do not differ for eastern China and the whole of China, so we combine them to derive a mean estimate that we term as being from “(eastern) China”. For 2014–2018, we estimate an emission of 19 ± 5 Gg year(–1) (gigagrams per year) of CFC-11 from (eastern) China, approximately one-quarter of global emissions. Comparing this to previously reported CFC-11 emissions estimated for earlier years, we estimate CFC-11 emissions from (eastern) China to have increased by 7 ± 5 Gg year(–1) from the 2008–2011 average to the 2014–2018 average, which is 50 ± 40% of the estimated increase in global CFC-11 emissions and is consistent with the emission increases attributed to this region in an earlier study. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7182312 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | American
Chemical Society |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-71823122020-04-27 Investigation of East Asian Emissions of CFC-11 Using Atmospheric Observations in Taiwan Adcock, Karina E. Ashfold, Matthew J. Chou, Charles C.-K. Gooch, Lauren J. Mohd Hanif, Norfazrin Laube, Johannes C. Oram, David E. Ou-Yang, Chang-Feng Panagi, Marios Sturges, William T. Reeves, Claire E. Environ Sci Technol [Image: see text] Recent findings of an unexpected slowdown in the decline of CFC-11 mixing ratios in the atmosphere have led to the conclusion that global CFC-11 emissions have increased over the past decade and have been attributed in part to eastern China. This study independently assesses these findings by evaluating enhancements of CFC-11 mixing ratios in air samples collected in Taiwan between 2014 and 2018. Using the NAME (Numerical Atmospheric Modeling Environment) particle dispersion model, we find the likely source of the enhanced CFC-11 observed in Taiwan to be East China. Other halogenated trace gases were also measured, and there were positive interspecies correlations between CFC-11 and CHCl(3), CCl(4), HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b, CH(2)Cl(2), and HCFC-22, indicating co-location of the emissions of these compounds. These correlations in combination with published emission estimates of CH(2)Cl(2) and HCFC-22 from China, and of CHCl(3) and CCl(4) from eastern China, are used to estimate CFC-11 emissions. Within the uncertainties, these estimates do not differ for eastern China and the whole of China, so we combine them to derive a mean estimate that we term as being from “(eastern) China”. For 2014–2018, we estimate an emission of 19 ± 5 Gg year(–1) (gigagrams per year) of CFC-11 from (eastern) China, approximately one-quarter of global emissions. Comparing this to previously reported CFC-11 emissions estimated for earlier years, we estimate CFC-11 emissions from (eastern) China to have increased by 7 ± 5 Gg year(–1) from the 2008–2011 average to the 2014–2018 average, which is 50 ± 40% of the estimated increase in global CFC-11 emissions and is consistent with the emission increases attributed to this region in an earlier study. American Chemical Society 2020-03-03 2020-04-07 /pmc/articles/PMC7182312/ /pubmed/32126759 http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b06433 Text en Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society This is an open access article published under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) License (http://pubs.acs.org/page/policy/authorchoice_ccby_termsofuse.html) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the author and source are cited. |
spellingShingle | Adcock, Karina E. Ashfold, Matthew J. Chou, Charles C.-K. Gooch, Lauren J. Mohd Hanif, Norfazrin Laube, Johannes C. Oram, David E. Ou-Yang, Chang-Feng Panagi, Marios Sturges, William T. Reeves, Claire E. Investigation of East Asian Emissions of CFC-11 Using Atmospheric Observations in Taiwan |
title | Investigation
of East Asian Emissions of CFC-11 Using
Atmospheric Observations in Taiwan |
title_full | Investigation
of East Asian Emissions of CFC-11 Using
Atmospheric Observations in Taiwan |
title_fullStr | Investigation
of East Asian Emissions of CFC-11 Using
Atmospheric Observations in Taiwan |
title_full_unstemmed | Investigation
of East Asian Emissions of CFC-11 Using
Atmospheric Observations in Taiwan |
title_short | Investigation
of East Asian Emissions of CFC-11 Using
Atmospheric Observations in Taiwan |
title_sort | investigation
of east asian emissions of cfc-11 using
atmospheric observations in taiwan |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7182312/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32126759 http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b06433 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT adcockkarinae investigationofeastasianemissionsofcfc11usingatmosphericobservationsintaiwan AT ashfoldmatthewj investigationofeastasianemissionsofcfc11usingatmosphericobservationsintaiwan AT choucharlesck investigationofeastasianemissionsofcfc11usingatmosphericobservationsintaiwan AT goochlaurenj investigationofeastasianemissionsofcfc11usingatmosphericobservationsintaiwan AT mohdhanifnorfazrin investigationofeastasianemissionsofcfc11usingatmosphericobservationsintaiwan AT laubejohannesc investigationofeastasianemissionsofcfc11usingatmosphericobservationsintaiwan AT oramdavide investigationofeastasianemissionsofcfc11usingatmosphericobservationsintaiwan AT ouyangchangfeng investigationofeastasianemissionsofcfc11usingatmosphericobservationsintaiwan AT panagimarios investigationofeastasianemissionsofcfc11usingatmosphericobservationsintaiwan AT sturgeswilliamt investigationofeastasianemissionsofcfc11usingatmosphericobservationsintaiwan AT reevesclairee investigationofeastasianemissionsofcfc11usingatmosphericobservationsintaiwan |