MHD effect on mixed convection of annulus circular enclosure filled with Non-Newtonian nanofluid

The fluid flow and mixed convection heat transfer of a non-Newtonian (Cu–water) nanofluid-filled circular annulus enclosure in a magnetic field are investigated numerically for a two-dimensional, steady-state, incompressible, laminar flow using the Galerkin finite element method (GFEM). The Prandtl number (Pr = 6.2) and Grashof number (Gr = 100) are assumed to be constants, whereas the Richardson number varies within a range of 0 ≤ Ri ≤ 1, the Hartman number within a range of 0 ≤ Ha ≤60, the Power law index within a range of 0.2 ≤ n ≤ 1.4, and the volume fraction within a range of 0 ≤ φ ≤ 1. The enclosure consists of an outer rotating cylinder that is kept at a cold temperature (T(c)) and an inner non-rotating cylinder kept at a hot temperature (T(h)). The ratio of the inner circular diameter to the annulus space length is kept constant at 2. The results depict that the stream function increases with increasing power law index, even up to n = 1, which causes the fluid to behave as a Newtonian fluid. The magnetic field has a critical impact on the fluid flow pattern. The average Nusselt number increases with decreasing Richardson number, owing to the improved heat transfer by forced convection.