The Pyruvate-Phosphate Dikinase (C(4)-SmPPDK) Gene From Suaeda monoica Enhances Photosynthesis, Carbon Assimilation, and Abiotic Stress Tolerance in a C(3) Plant Under Elevated CO(2) Conditions

A pyruvate-phosphate dikinase (C(4)-PPDK) gene was cloned from Suaeda monoica, which had a single-cell C(4) photosynthesis pathway without Kranz anatomy and was functionally validated in a C(3) model plant under different abiotic stress conditions in an ambient and elevated CO(2) environment. Overexpression of SmPPDK promoted growth of C(3) transgenic plants, enhancing their photosynthesis (CO(2) assimilation) by lowering photorespiration under stress conditions. Transgenic plants also showed an improved physiological status, with higher relative water content (RWC), membrane integrity, concentration of glycine betaine, total soluble sugars, free amino acids, polyphenols and antioxidant activity, and lower electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, free radical accumulation, and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), compared to control plants. Moreover, SmPPDK transgenic plants exhibited earlier flowering and higher dry biomass compared to controls. These results suggested that the C(4)-PPDK gene was appropriate for improvement of carbon assimilation, and it also played an important role in adaption to salinity and severe drought-induced stress. More intriguingly, an elevated CO(2) environment alleviated the adverse effects of abiotic stress, particularly caused by drought through coordination of osmoprotectants and antioxidant defense systems. The molecular, physiological, metabolic, and biochemical indicators ameliorated the overall performance of model C(3) plants overexpressing the C(4)-PPDK gene in an elevated CO(2) environment, by lowering photorespiration metabolic processes, however, further studies are needed to confirm its precise role in C(3) plants as protection against future climate change.