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Morphology of the Amazonian Teleost Genus Arapaima Using Advanced 3D Imaging

The arapaima is the largest of the extant air-breathing freshwater fishes. Their respiratory gas bladder is arguably the most striking of all the adaptations to living in the hypoxic waters of the Amazon basin, in which dissolved oxygen can reach 0 ppm (0 mg/l) at night. As obligatory air-breathers,...

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Autores principales: Scadeng, Miriam, McKenzie, Christina, He, Weston, Bartsch, Hauke, Dubowitz, David J., Stec, Dominik, St. Leger, Judy
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7197331/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32395105
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00260
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author Scadeng, Miriam
McKenzie, Christina
He, Weston
Bartsch, Hauke
Dubowitz, David J.
Stec, Dominik
St. Leger, Judy
author_facet Scadeng, Miriam
McKenzie, Christina
He, Weston
Bartsch, Hauke
Dubowitz, David J.
Stec, Dominik
St. Leger, Judy
author_sort Scadeng, Miriam
collection PubMed
description The arapaima is the largest of the extant air-breathing freshwater fishes. Their respiratory gas bladder is arguably the most striking of all the adaptations to living in the hypoxic waters of the Amazon basin, in which dissolved oxygen can reach 0 ppm (0 mg/l) at night. As obligatory air-breathers, arapaima have undergone extensive anatomical and physiological adaptations in almost every organ system. These changes were evaluated using magnetic resonance and computed tomography imaging, gross necropsy, and histology to create a comprehensive morphological assessment of this unique fish. Segmentation of advanced imaging data allowed for creation of anatomically accurate and quantitative 3D models of organs and their spatial relationships. The deflated gas bladder [1.96% body volume (BV)] runs the length of the coelomic cavity, and encompasses the kidneys (0.35% BV). It is compartmentalized by a highly vascularized webbing comprising of ediculae and inter-edicular septa lined with epithelium acting as a gas exchange surface analogous to a lung. Gills have reduced surface area, with severe blunting and broadening of the lamellae. The kidneys are not divided into separate regions, and have hematopoietic and excretory tissue interspersed throughout. The heart (0.21% BV) is encased in a thick layer of lipid rich tissue. Arapaima have an unusually large telencephalon (28.3% brain volume) for teleosts. The characteristics that allow arapaima to perfectly exploit their native environment also make them easy targets for overfishing. In addition, their habitat is at high risk from climate change and anthropogenic activities which are likely to result is fewer specimens living in the wild, or achieving their growth potential of up to 4.5 m in length.
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spelling pubmed-71973312020-05-11 Morphology of the Amazonian Teleost Genus Arapaima Using Advanced 3D Imaging Scadeng, Miriam McKenzie, Christina He, Weston Bartsch, Hauke Dubowitz, David J. Stec, Dominik St. Leger, Judy Front Physiol Physiology The arapaima is the largest of the extant air-breathing freshwater fishes. Their respiratory gas bladder is arguably the most striking of all the adaptations to living in the hypoxic waters of the Amazon basin, in which dissolved oxygen can reach 0 ppm (0 mg/l) at night. As obligatory air-breathers, arapaima have undergone extensive anatomical and physiological adaptations in almost every organ system. These changes were evaluated using magnetic resonance and computed tomography imaging, gross necropsy, and histology to create a comprehensive morphological assessment of this unique fish. Segmentation of advanced imaging data allowed for creation of anatomically accurate and quantitative 3D models of organs and their spatial relationships. The deflated gas bladder [1.96% body volume (BV)] runs the length of the coelomic cavity, and encompasses the kidneys (0.35% BV). It is compartmentalized by a highly vascularized webbing comprising of ediculae and inter-edicular septa lined with epithelium acting as a gas exchange surface analogous to a lung. Gills have reduced surface area, with severe blunting and broadening of the lamellae. The kidneys are not divided into separate regions, and have hematopoietic and excretory tissue interspersed throughout. The heart (0.21% BV) is encased in a thick layer of lipid rich tissue. Arapaima have an unusually large telencephalon (28.3% brain volume) for teleosts. The characteristics that allow arapaima to perfectly exploit their native environment also make them easy targets for overfishing. In addition, their habitat is at high risk from climate change and anthropogenic activities which are likely to result is fewer specimens living in the wild, or achieving their growth potential of up to 4.5 m in length. Frontiers Media S.A. 2020-04-27 /pmc/articles/PMC7197331/ /pubmed/32395105 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00260 Text en Copyright © 2020 Scadeng, McKenzie, He, Bartsch, Dubowitz, Stec and St. Leger. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Physiology
Scadeng, Miriam
McKenzie, Christina
He, Weston
Bartsch, Hauke
Dubowitz, David J.
Stec, Dominik
St. Leger, Judy
Morphology of the Amazonian Teleost Genus Arapaima Using Advanced 3D Imaging
title Morphology of the Amazonian Teleost Genus Arapaima Using Advanced 3D Imaging
title_full Morphology of the Amazonian Teleost Genus Arapaima Using Advanced 3D Imaging
title_fullStr Morphology of the Amazonian Teleost Genus Arapaima Using Advanced 3D Imaging
title_full_unstemmed Morphology of the Amazonian Teleost Genus Arapaima Using Advanced 3D Imaging
title_short Morphology of the Amazonian Teleost Genus Arapaima Using Advanced 3D Imaging
title_sort morphology of the amazonian teleost genus arapaima using advanced 3d imaging
topic Physiology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7197331/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32395105
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00260
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