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Development and initial validation of the COVID Stress Scales
Research and clinical observations suggest that during times of pandemic many people exhibit stress- or anxiety-related responses that include fear of becoming infected, fear of coming into contact with possibly contaminated objects or surfaces, fear of foreigners who might be carrying infection (i....
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
2020
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7198206/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32408047 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102232 |
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author | Taylor, Steven Landry, Caeleigh A. Paluszek, Michelle M. Fergus, Thomas A. McKay, Dean Asmundson, Gordon J.G. |
author_facet | Taylor, Steven Landry, Caeleigh A. Paluszek, Michelle M. Fergus, Thomas A. McKay, Dean Asmundson, Gordon J.G. |
author_sort | Taylor, Steven |
collection | PubMed |
description | Research and clinical observations suggest that during times of pandemic many people exhibit stress- or anxiety-related responses that include fear of becoming infected, fear of coming into contact with possibly contaminated objects or surfaces, fear of foreigners who might be carrying infection (i.e., disease-related xenophobia), fear of the socio-economic consequences of the pandemic, compulsive checking and reassurance-seeking regarding possible pandemic-related threats, and traumatic stress symptoms about the pandemic (e.g., nightmares, intrusive thoughts). We developed the 36-item COVID Stress Scales (CSS) to measure these features, as they pertain to COVID-19. The CSS were developed to better understand and assess COVID-19-related distress. The scales were intentionally designed so they could be readily adapted for future pandemics. The CSS were developed and initially validated in population-representative samples from Canada (N = 3479) and the United States (N = 3375). A stable 5-factor solution was identified, corresponding to scales assessing COVID-related stress and anxiety symptoms: (1) Danger and contamination fears, (2) fears about economic consequences, (3) xenophobia, (4) compulsive checking and reassurance seeking, and (5) traumatic stress symptoms about COVID-19. The scales performed well on various indices of reliability and validity. The scales were intercorrelated, providing evidence of a COVID Stress Syndrome. The scales offer promise as tools for better understanding the distress associated with COVID-19 and for identifying people in need of mental health services. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7198206 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-71982062020-05-05 Development and initial validation of the COVID Stress Scales Taylor, Steven Landry, Caeleigh A. Paluszek, Michelle M. Fergus, Thomas A. McKay, Dean Asmundson, Gordon J.G. J Anxiety Disord Article Research and clinical observations suggest that during times of pandemic many people exhibit stress- or anxiety-related responses that include fear of becoming infected, fear of coming into contact with possibly contaminated objects or surfaces, fear of foreigners who might be carrying infection (i.e., disease-related xenophobia), fear of the socio-economic consequences of the pandemic, compulsive checking and reassurance-seeking regarding possible pandemic-related threats, and traumatic stress symptoms about the pandemic (e.g., nightmares, intrusive thoughts). We developed the 36-item COVID Stress Scales (CSS) to measure these features, as they pertain to COVID-19. The CSS were developed to better understand and assess COVID-19-related distress. The scales were intentionally designed so they could be readily adapted for future pandemics. The CSS were developed and initially validated in population-representative samples from Canada (N = 3479) and the United States (N = 3375). A stable 5-factor solution was identified, corresponding to scales assessing COVID-related stress and anxiety symptoms: (1) Danger and contamination fears, (2) fears about economic consequences, (3) xenophobia, (4) compulsive checking and reassurance seeking, and (5) traumatic stress symptoms about COVID-19. The scales performed well on various indices of reliability and validity. The scales were intercorrelated, providing evidence of a COVID Stress Syndrome. The scales offer promise as tools for better understanding the distress associated with COVID-19 and for identifying people in need of mental health services. The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. 2020-05 2020-05-04 /pmc/articles/PMC7198206/ /pubmed/32408047 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102232 Text en © 2020 The Author(s) Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active. |
spellingShingle | Article Taylor, Steven Landry, Caeleigh A. Paluszek, Michelle M. Fergus, Thomas A. McKay, Dean Asmundson, Gordon J.G. Development and initial validation of the COVID Stress Scales |
title | Development and initial validation of the COVID Stress Scales |
title_full | Development and initial validation of the COVID Stress Scales |
title_fullStr | Development and initial validation of the COVID Stress Scales |
title_full_unstemmed | Development and initial validation of the COVID Stress Scales |
title_short | Development and initial validation of the COVID Stress Scales |
title_sort | development and initial validation of the covid stress scales |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7198206/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32408047 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102232 |
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