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The magnitude and determinants of violence against healthcare workers in Pakistan

OBJECTIVES: To determine the magnitude and determinants of violence against healthcare workers (HCWs) and to identify the predominant types and causes of violence experienced by them. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional survey based on structured questionnaire adopted from previous surveys and qualitativ...

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Autores principales: Shaikh, Shiraz, Baig, Lubna Ansari, Hashmi, Ibrahim, Khan, Mirwais, Jamali, Seemin, Khan, Muhammad Naseem, Saleemi, Munir Akhtar, Zulfiqar, Komal, Ehsan, Sumera, Yasir, Iram, Haq, Zia ul, Mazharullah, Lubna, Zaib, Samina
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BMJ Publishing Group 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7199710/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32377403
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002112
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author Shaikh, Shiraz
Baig, Lubna Ansari
Hashmi, Ibrahim
Khan, Mirwais
Jamali, Seemin
Khan, Muhammad Naseem
Saleemi, Munir Akhtar
Zulfiqar, Komal
Ehsan, Sumera
Yasir, Iram
Haq, Zia ul
Mazharullah, Lubna
Zaib, Samina
author_facet Shaikh, Shiraz
Baig, Lubna Ansari
Hashmi, Ibrahim
Khan, Mirwais
Jamali, Seemin
Khan, Muhammad Naseem
Saleemi, Munir Akhtar
Zulfiqar, Komal
Ehsan, Sumera
Yasir, Iram
Haq, Zia ul
Mazharullah, Lubna
Zaib, Samina
author_sort Shaikh, Shiraz
collection PubMed
description OBJECTIVES: To determine the magnitude and determinants of violence against healthcare workers (HCWs) and to identify the predominant types and causes of violence experienced by them. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional survey based on structured questionnaire adopted from previous surveys and qualitative data was conducted in 4 large cities and 12 districts in 3 provinces of Pakistan. The survey covered 8579 from all cadres of HCWs, including doctors, nurses, technicians, support staff, ambulance workers, vaccinators, lady health visitors, midwives and lady health workers (LHWs). The predictors of overall violence experienced, physical violence experienced and verbal violence experienced were separately analysed for tertiary care hospitals, secondary care hospitals, primary care hospitals and field-level HCWs. Logistic regression was used to compute adjusted ORs with 95% CIs for the association of different factors with the violence experienced. RESULTS: More than one-third (38.4%) reported having experienced any form of violence in the last 6 months. Verbal violence was the most commonly experienced form (33.9%), followed by physical violence (6.6%). The main reasons for physical violence were death of patients (17.6%), serious condition of patients (16.6%) and delay in care (13.4%). Among the different types of field HCWs, emergency vehicle operators were significantly more likely to experience verbal violence compared with LHWs (adjusted OR=1.97; 95% CI 1.31 to 2.94; p=0.001). Among hospital HCWs, those working in private hospitals were significantly less likely to experience physical violence (adjusted OR=0.52; 95% CI 0.38 to 0.71; p=0.001) and verbal violence (adjusted OR=0.57; 95% CI 0.48 to 0.68; p=0.001). CONCLUSION: Violence against HCWs exists in various forms among all cadres and at different levels of care. The gaps in capacity, resources and policies are evident. Specific strategies need to be adopted for different types of HCWs to protect them against violence. *The study was conducted under the framework of ICRC’s Healthcare in Danger Initiative for protection of healthcare against Violence
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spelling pubmed-71997102020-05-06 The magnitude and determinants of violence against healthcare workers in Pakistan Shaikh, Shiraz Baig, Lubna Ansari Hashmi, Ibrahim Khan, Mirwais Jamali, Seemin Khan, Muhammad Naseem Saleemi, Munir Akhtar Zulfiqar, Komal Ehsan, Sumera Yasir, Iram Haq, Zia ul Mazharullah, Lubna Zaib, Samina BMJ Glob Health Original Research OBJECTIVES: To determine the magnitude and determinants of violence against healthcare workers (HCWs) and to identify the predominant types and causes of violence experienced by them. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional survey based on structured questionnaire adopted from previous surveys and qualitative data was conducted in 4 large cities and 12 districts in 3 provinces of Pakistan. The survey covered 8579 from all cadres of HCWs, including doctors, nurses, technicians, support staff, ambulance workers, vaccinators, lady health visitors, midwives and lady health workers (LHWs). The predictors of overall violence experienced, physical violence experienced and verbal violence experienced were separately analysed for tertiary care hospitals, secondary care hospitals, primary care hospitals and field-level HCWs. Logistic regression was used to compute adjusted ORs with 95% CIs for the association of different factors with the violence experienced. RESULTS: More than one-third (38.4%) reported having experienced any form of violence in the last 6 months. Verbal violence was the most commonly experienced form (33.9%), followed by physical violence (6.6%). The main reasons for physical violence were death of patients (17.6%), serious condition of patients (16.6%) and delay in care (13.4%). Among the different types of field HCWs, emergency vehicle operators were significantly more likely to experience verbal violence compared with LHWs (adjusted OR=1.97; 95% CI 1.31 to 2.94; p=0.001). Among hospital HCWs, those working in private hospitals were significantly less likely to experience physical violence (adjusted OR=0.52; 95% CI 0.38 to 0.71; p=0.001) and verbal violence (adjusted OR=0.57; 95% CI 0.48 to 0.68; p=0.001). CONCLUSION: Violence against HCWs exists in various forms among all cadres and at different levels of care. The gaps in capacity, resources and policies are evident. Specific strategies need to be adopted for different types of HCWs to protect them against violence. *The study was conducted under the framework of ICRC’s Healthcare in Danger Initiative for protection of healthcare against Violence BMJ Publishing Group 2020-04-15 /pmc/articles/PMC7199710/ /pubmed/32377403 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002112 Text en © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.
spellingShingle Original Research
Shaikh, Shiraz
Baig, Lubna Ansari
Hashmi, Ibrahim
Khan, Mirwais
Jamali, Seemin
Khan, Muhammad Naseem
Saleemi, Munir Akhtar
Zulfiqar, Komal
Ehsan, Sumera
Yasir, Iram
Haq, Zia ul
Mazharullah, Lubna
Zaib, Samina
The magnitude and determinants of violence against healthcare workers in Pakistan
title The magnitude and determinants of violence against healthcare workers in Pakistan
title_full The magnitude and determinants of violence against healthcare workers in Pakistan
title_fullStr The magnitude and determinants of violence against healthcare workers in Pakistan
title_full_unstemmed The magnitude and determinants of violence against healthcare workers in Pakistan
title_short The magnitude and determinants of violence against healthcare workers in Pakistan
title_sort magnitude and determinants of violence against healthcare workers in pakistan
topic Original Research
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7199710/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32377403
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002112
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