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Embryonic microglia influence developing hypothalamic glial populations
BACKGROUND: Although historically microglia were thought to be immature in the fetal brain, evidence of purposeful interactions between these immune cells and nearby neural progenitors is becoming established. Here, we examined the influence of embryonic microglia on gliogenesis within the developin...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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BioMed Central
2020
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7201702/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32375817 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12974-020-01811-7 |
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author | Marsters, Candace M. Nesan, Dinushan Far, Rena Klenin, Natalia Pittman, Quentin J. Kurrasch, Deborah M. |
author_facet | Marsters, Candace M. Nesan, Dinushan Far, Rena Klenin, Natalia Pittman, Quentin J. Kurrasch, Deborah M. |
author_sort | Marsters, Candace M. |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Although historically microglia were thought to be immature in the fetal brain, evidence of purposeful interactions between these immune cells and nearby neural progenitors is becoming established. Here, we examined the influence of embryonic microglia on gliogenesis within the developing tuberal hypothalamus, a region later important for energy balance, reproduction, and thermoregulation. METHODS: We used immunohistochemistry to quantify the location and numbers of glial cells in the embryonic brain (E13.5–E17.5), as well as a pharmacological approach (i.e., PLX5622) to knock down fetal microglia. We also conducted cytokine and chemokine analyses on embryonic brains in the presence or absence of microglia, and a neurosphere assay to test the effects of the altered cytokines on hypothalamic progenitor behaviors. RESULTS: We identified a subpopulation of activated microglia that congregated adjacent to the third ventricle alongside embryonic Olig2+ neural progenitor cells (NPCs) that are destined to give rise to oligodendrocyte and astrocyte populations. In the absence of microglia, we observed an increase in Olig2+ glial progenitor cells that remained at the ventricle by E17.5 and a concomitant decrease of these Olig2+ cells in the mantle zone, indicative of a delay in migration of these precursor cells. A further examination of maturing oligodendrocytes in the hypothalamic grey and white matter area in the absence of microglia revealed migrating oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) within the grey matter at E17.5, a time point when OPCs begin to slow their migration. Finally, quantification of cytokine and chemokine signaling in ex vivo E15.5 hypothalamic cultures +/− microglia revealed decreases in the protein levels of several cytokines in the absence of microglia. We assayed the influence of two downregulated cytokines (CCL2 and CXCL10) on neurosphere-forming capacity and lineage commitment of hypothalamic NPCs in culture and showed an increase in NPC proliferation as well as neuronal and oligodendrocyte differentiation. CONCLUSION: These data demonstrate that microglia influence gliogenesis in the developing tuberal hypothalamus. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7201702 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-72017022020-05-08 Embryonic microglia influence developing hypothalamic glial populations Marsters, Candace M. Nesan, Dinushan Far, Rena Klenin, Natalia Pittman, Quentin J. Kurrasch, Deborah M. J Neuroinflammation Research BACKGROUND: Although historically microglia were thought to be immature in the fetal brain, evidence of purposeful interactions between these immune cells and nearby neural progenitors is becoming established. Here, we examined the influence of embryonic microglia on gliogenesis within the developing tuberal hypothalamus, a region later important for energy balance, reproduction, and thermoregulation. METHODS: We used immunohistochemistry to quantify the location and numbers of glial cells in the embryonic brain (E13.5–E17.5), as well as a pharmacological approach (i.e., PLX5622) to knock down fetal microglia. We also conducted cytokine and chemokine analyses on embryonic brains in the presence or absence of microglia, and a neurosphere assay to test the effects of the altered cytokines on hypothalamic progenitor behaviors. RESULTS: We identified a subpopulation of activated microglia that congregated adjacent to the third ventricle alongside embryonic Olig2+ neural progenitor cells (NPCs) that are destined to give rise to oligodendrocyte and astrocyte populations. In the absence of microglia, we observed an increase in Olig2+ glial progenitor cells that remained at the ventricle by E17.5 and a concomitant decrease of these Olig2+ cells in the mantle zone, indicative of a delay in migration of these precursor cells. A further examination of maturing oligodendrocytes in the hypothalamic grey and white matter area in the absence of microglia revealed migrating oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) within the grey matter at E17.5, a time point when OPCs begin to slow their migration. Finally, quantification of cytokine and chemokine signaling in ex vivo E15.5 hypothalamic cultures +/− microglia revealed decreases in the protein levels of several cytokines in the absence of microglia. We assayed the influence of two downregulated cytokines (CCL2 and CXCL10) on neurosphere-forming capacity and lineage commitment of hypothalamic NPCs in culture and showed an increase in NPC proliferation as well as neuronal and oligodendrocyte differentiation. CONCLUSION: These data demonstrate that microglia influence gliogenesis in the developing tuberal hypothalamus. BioMed Central 2020-05-06 /pmc/articles/PMC7201702/ /pubmed/32375817 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12974-020-01811-7 Text en © The Author(s) 2020 Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. |
spellingShingle | Research Marsters, Candace M. Nesan, Dinushan Far, Rena Klenin, Natalia Pittman, Quentin J. Kurrasch, Deborah M. Embryonic microglia influence developing hypothalamic glial populations |
title | Embryonic microglia influence developing hypothalamic glial populations |
title_full | Embryonic microglia influence developing hypothalamic glial populations |
title_fullStr | Embryonic microglia influence developing hypothalamic glial populations |
title_full_unstemmed | Embryonic microglia influence developing hypothalamic glial populations |
title_short | Embryonic microglia influence developing hypothalamic glial populations |
title_sort | embryonic microglia influence developing hypothalamic glial populations |
topic | Research |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7201702/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32375817 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12974-020-01811-7 |
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