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Analysis of the Gut Microbiota and Inflammatory Factors in mGluR5-Knockout Mice
INTRODUCTION: Accumulating evidence indicates that the glutamatergic system plays an important role in the development of depression. Notably, the antidepressant effect of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) modulation is inconsistent across studies. Here, we attempted to identify the involve...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2020
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7203659/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32425829 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00335 |
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author | Cai, Guohong Zhu, Yuanyuan Chen, Jing Zhao, Suo Wang, Liying Wang, Mengmeng Huang, Jing Wu, Shengxi |
author_facet | Cai, Guohong Zhu, Yuanyuan Chen, Jing Zhao, Suo Wang, Liying Wang, Mengmeng Huang, Jing Wu, Shengxi |
author_sort | Cai, Guohong |
collection | PubMed |
description | INTRODUCTION: Accumulating evidence indicates that the glutamatergic system plays an important role in the development of depression. Notably, the antidepressant effect of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) modulation is inconsistent across studies. Here, we attempted to identify the involvement of the gut microbiota and inflammation in mGluR5(−/−) mice. METHODS: mGluR5(−/−) mice and their wild-type littermates were used in our study. We used the open field (OF) and elevated plus maze (EPM) tests to assess anxiety-like behaviors, and we used the two-day forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) to test despair-like behaviors. 16S rDNA was used to analyze the gut microbiota. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were used to measure the levels of inflammatory factors. Western blotting was used to detect the levels of various proteins. RESULTS: mGluR5(−/−) mice had no significant increase or decrease of despair-like behavior in the absence of stress exposure. However, mGluR5(−/−) mice exhibited despair-like behaviors following stress exposure. No significant changes in other glutamate receptors or representative synaptic proteins were detected in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) or hippocampus of mGluR5(−/−) mice. Very similar bacterial groups were observed in mGluR5(−/−) mice and wild-type controls. In addition, there was no significant difference in the α-diversity of the microbiota between mGluR5(−/−) mice and wild-type controls. The levels of all measured cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α) did not change significantly in the PFCs or colons of mGluR5(−/−) mice. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, we deduced that mGluR5(−/−) mice are susceptible to despair-like behavior. The systemic knockout of mGluR5 did not affect the gut microbiota or inflammatory factors in mice. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7203659 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-72036592020-05-18 Analysis of the Gut Microbiota and Inflammatory Factors in mGluR5-Knockout Mice Cai, Guohong Zhu, Yuanyuan Chen, Jing Zhao, Suo Wang, Liying Wang, Mengmeng Huang, Jing Wu, Shengxi Front Psychiatry Psychiatry INTRODUCTION: Accumulating evidence indicates that the glutamatergic system plays an important role in the development of depression. Notably, the antidepressant effect of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) modulation is inconsistent across studies. Here, we attempted to identify the involvement of the gut microbiota and inflammation in mGluR5(−/−) mice. METHODS: mGluR5(−/−) mice and their wild-type littermates were used in our study. We used the open field (OF) and elevated plus maze (EPM) tests to assess anxiety-like behaviors, and we used the two-day forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) to test despair-like behaviors. 16S rDNA was used to analyze the gut microbiota. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were used to measure the levels of inflammatory factors. Western blotting was used to detect the levels of various proteins. RESULTS: mGluR5(−/−) mice had no significant increase or decrease of despair-like behavior in the absence of stress exposure. However, mGluR5(−/−) mice exhibited despair-like behaviors following stress exposure. No significant changes in other glutamate receptors or representative synaptic proteins were detected in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) or hippocampus of mGluR5(−/−) mice. Very similar bacterial groups were observed in mGluR5(−/−) mice and wild-type controls. In addition, there was no significant difference in the α-diversity of the microbiota between mGluR5(−/−) mice and wild-type controls. The levels of all measured cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α) did not change significantly in the PFCs or colons of mGluR5(−/−) mice. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, we deduced that mGluR5(−/−) mice are susceptible to despair-like behavior. The systemic knockout of mGluR5 did not affect the gut microbiota or inflammatory factors in mice. Frontiers Media S.A. 2020-04-30 /pmc/articles/PMC7203659/ /pubmed/32425829 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00335 Text en Copyright © 2020 Cai, Zhu, Chen, Zhao, Wang, Wang, Huang and Wu http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Psychiatry Cai, Guohong Zhu, Yuanyuan Chen, Jing Zhao, Suo Wang, Liying Wang, Mengmeng Huang, Jing Wu, Shengxi Analysis of the Gut Microbiota and Inflammatory Factors in mGluR5-Knockout Mice |
title | Analysis of the Gut Microbiota and Inflammatory Factors in mGluR5-Knockout Mice |
title_full | Analysis of the Gut Microbiota and Inflammatory Factors in mGluR5-Knockout Mice |
title_fullStr | Analysis of the Gut Microbiota and Inflammatory Factors in mGluR5-Knockout Mice |
title_full_unstemmed | Analysis of the Gut Microbiota and Inflammatory Factors in mGluR5-Knockout Mice |
title_short | Analysis of the Gut Microbiota and Inflammatory Factors in mGluR5-Knockout Mice |
title_sort | analysis of the gut microbiota and inflammatory factors in mglur5-knockout mice |
topic | Psychiatry |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7203659/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32425829 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00335 |
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