HIF-P4H-2 inhibition enhances intestinal fructose metabolism and induces thermogenesis protecting against NAFLD

ABSTRACT: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) parallels the global obesity epidemic with unmet therapeutic needs. We investigated whether inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl 4-hydroxylase-2 (HIF-P4H-2), a key cellular oxygen sensor whose inhibition stabilizes HIF, would protect from NAFLD by subjecting HIF-P4H-2-deficient (Hif-p4h-2(gt/gt)) mice to a high-fat, high-fructose (HFHF) or high-fat, methionine-choline-deficient (HF-MCD) diet. On both diets, the Hif-p4h-2(gt/gt) mice gained less weight and had less white adipose tissue (WAT) and its inflammation, lower serum cholesterol levels, and lighter livers with less steatosis and lower serum ALT levels than the wild type (WT). The intake of fructose in majority of the Hif-p4h-2(gt/gt) tissues, including the liver, was 15–35% less than in the WT. We found upregulation of the key fructose transporter and metabolizing enzyme mRNAs, Slc2a2, Khka, and Khkc, and higher ketohexokinase activity in the Hif-p4h-2(gt/gt) small intestine relative to the WT, suggesting enhanced metabolism of fructose in the former. On the HF-MCD diet, the Hif-p4h-2(gt/gt) mice showed more browning of the WAT and increased thermogenesis. A pharmacological pan-HIF-P4H inhibitor protected WT mice on both diets against obesity, metabolic dysfunction, and liver damage. These data suggest that HIF-P4H-2 inhibition could be studied as a novel, comprehensive treatment strategy for NAFLD. KEY MESSAGES: • HIF-P4H-2 inhibition enhances intestinal fructose metabolism protecting the liver. • HIF-P4H-2 inhibition downregulates hepatic lipogenesis. • Induced browning of WAT and increased thermogenesis can also mediate protection. • HIF-P4H-2 inhibition offers a novel, comprehensive treatment strategy for NAFLD. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s00109-020-01903-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.