Squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland in an elderly female presenting as a rapidly enlarging thyroid mass

BACKGROUND: Squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland is an extremely rare tumor with a very aggressive clinical behavior and poor prognosis. The tumor may arise as a primary tumor within the thyroid gland or as a component of anaplastic or undifferentiated thyroid tumors. CASE PRESENTATION: A 70-year-old lady with history of long standing multinodular goiter presented with progressive enlargement of a midline nodule for 3 months which was associated with dyspnea and dry cough. The mass was hard and fixed. The voice was normal, other parts of the general examination were unremarkable. Fine needle aspiration was done for the mass which revealed malignant cells mixed with inflammatory cells. During surgery there was a hard and fixed mass arising from the isthmus of the thyroid gland that was locally invading, complete excision was not possible, debulking was done. Histopathology showed moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland. The tumor underwent local progression 6 months later and the patient was sent for radiotherapy. CONCLUSION: When thyroid tumor is advanced at time of diagnosis, radiotherapy is the main form of treatment which may induce reduction in the size of the tumor and decrease pain, radiotherapy may also be given on neoadjuvant bases which may render resection possible in some patients. The tumor is usually not responsive to chemotherapy. The overall survival is uniformly poor regardless of the primary form of treatment, the median survival of the patients from the time of diagnosis is few months in most cases.