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Sarcoidosis: Causes, Diagnosis, Clinical Features, and Treatments

Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease with nonspecific clinical manifestations that commonly affects the pulmonary system and other organs including the eyes, skin, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. Sarcoidosis usually presents with persistent dry cough, eye and skin manifestations, weigh...

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Autores principales: Jain, Rashi, Yadav, Dhananjay, Puranik, Nidhi, Guleria, Randeep, Jin, Jun-O
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7230978/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32290254
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041081
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author Jain, Rashi
Yadav, Dhananjay
Puranik, Nidhi
Guleria, Randeep
Jin, Jun-O
author_facet Jain, Rashi
Yadav, Dhananjay
Puranik, Nidhi
Guleria, Randeep
Jin, Jun-O
author_sort Jain, Rashi
collection PubMed
description Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease with nonspecific clinical manifestations that commonly affects the pulmonary system and other organs including the eyes, skin, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. Sarcoidosis usually presents with persistent dry cough, eye and skin manifestations, weight loss, fatigue, night sweats, and erythema nodosum. Sarcoidosis is not influenced by sex or age, although it is more common in adults (< 50 years) of African-American or Scandinavians decent. Diagnosis can be difficult because of nonspecific symptoms and can only be verified following histopathological examination. Various factors, including infection, genetic predisposition, and environmental factors, are involved in the pathology of sarcoidosis. Exposures to insecticides, herbicides, bioaerosols, and agricultural employment are also associated with an increased risk for sarcoidosis. Due to its unknown etiology, early diagnosis and detection are difficult; however, the advent of advanced technologies, such as endobronchial ultrasound-guided biopsy, high-resolution computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography has improved our ability to reliably diagnose this condition and accurately forecast its prognosis. This review discusses the causes and clinical features of sarcoidosis, and the improvements made in its prognosis, therapeutic management, and the recent discovery of potential biomarkers associated with the diagnostic assay used for sarcoidosis confirmation.
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spelling pubmed-72309782020-05-22 Sarcoidosis: Causes, Diagnosis, Clinical Features, and Treatments Jain, Rashi Yadav, Dhananjay Puranik, Nidhi Guleria, Randeep Jin, Jun-O J Clin Med Review Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease with nonspecific clinical manifestations that commonly affects the pulmonary system and other organs including the eyes, skin, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. Sarcoidosis usually presents with persistent dry cough, eye and skin manifestations, weight loss, fatigue, night sweats, and erythema nodosum. Sarcoidosis is not influenced by sex or age, although it is more common in adults (< 50 years) of African-American or Scandinavians decent. Diagnosis can be difficult because of nonspecific symptoms and can only be verified following histopathological examination. Various factors, including infection, genetic predisposition, and environmental factors, are involved in the pathology of sarcoidosis. Exposures to insecticides, herbicides, bioaerosols, and agricultural employment are also associated with an increased risk for sarcoidosis. Due to its unknown etiology, early diagnosis and detection are difficult; however, the advent of advanced technologies, such as endobronchial ultrasound-guided biopsy, high-resolution computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography has improved our ability to reliably diagnose this condition and accurately forecast its prognosis. This review discusses the causes and clinical features of sarcoidosis, and the improvements made in its prognosis, therapeutic management, and the recent discovery of potential biomarkers associated with the diagnostic assay used for sarcoidosis confirmation. MDPI 2020-04-10 /pmc/articles/PMC7230978/ /pubmed/32290254 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041081 Text en © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Jain, Rashi
Yadav, Dhananjay
Puranik, Nidhi
Guleria, Randeep
Jin, Jun-O
Sarcoidosis: Causes, Diagnosis, Clinical Features, and Treatments
title Sarcoidosis: Causes, Diagnosis, Clinical Features, and Treatments
title_full Sarcoidosis: Causes, Diagnosis, Clinical Features, and Treatments
title_fullStr Sarcoidosis: Causes, Diagnosis, Clinical Features, and Treatments
title_full_unstemmed Sarcoidosis: Causes, Diagnosis, Clinical Features, and Treatments
title_short Sarcoidosis: Causes, Diagnosis, Clinical Features, and Treatments
title_sort sarcoidosis: causes, diagnosis, clinical features, and treatments
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7230978/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32290254
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041081
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