Seasonal concentration distribution of PM1.0 and PM2.5 and a risk assessment of bound trace metals in Harbin, China: Effect of the species distribution of heavy metals and heat supply

To clarify the potential carcinogenic/noncarcinogenic risk posed by particulate matter (PM) in Harbin, a city in China with the typical heat supply, the concentrations of PM(1.0) and PM(2.5) were analyzed from Nov. 2014 to Nov. 2015, and the compositions of heavy metals and water-soluble ions (WSIs) were determined. The continuous heat supply from October to April led to serious air pollution in Harbin, thus leading to a significant increase in particle numbers (especially for PM(1.0)). Specifically, coal combustion under heat supply conditions led to significant emissions of PM(1.0) and PM(2.5), especially heavy metals and secondary atmospheric pollutants, including SO(4)(2−), NO(3)(−), and NH(4)(+). Natural occurrences such as dust storms in April and May, as well as straw combustion in October, also contributed to the increase in WSIs and heavy metals. The exposure risk assessment results demonstrated that Zn was the main contributor to the average daily dose through ingestion and inhalation, ADD(Ing) and ADD(inh), respectively, among the 8 heavy metals, accounting for 51.7–52.5% of the ADD(Ing) values and 52.5% of the ADD(inh) values. The contribution of Zn was followed by those of Pb, Cr, Cu and Mn, while those of Ni, Cd, and Co were quite low (<2.2%).