Generation of E-band metasurface-based vortex beam with reduced divergence angle

Vortex beams carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) have attracted considerable attention for the development of high-capacity wireless communication systems due to their infinite sets of orthogonal modes. However, the practical applications of Laguerre-Gaussian type vortex beams are limited due to the fact that the divergence angle increases as the order of the OAM mode increases. In this work, we present metasurfaces that generate vortex beams carrying OAM modes with reduced divergence angles in the E-band frequency range. The metasurfaces were designed using eight different meta-atom phase elements, including a spiral phase distribution for OAM modes l = 1 and 2, a phase gradient array to avoid interference with the source beam, and a lens pattern array to reduce the divergence angle. Through simulation and experimental measurement, it was confirmed that the divergence angle of the vortex beam generated by the metasurface with the lens pattern was reduced from 13° to 9° and 14° to 11° for OAM modes l = 1 and 2, respectively, in comparison with the metasurface without the lens pattern. Our results provide new design methods for various applications based on OAM multiplexing especially in high frequency E-band range.