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Physical exercise during exposure to 40-Hz light flicker improves cognitive functions in the 3xTg mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease
BACKGROUND: Exercise promotes brain health and improves cognitive functioning in the elderly, while 40-Hz light flickering through the visual cortex reduces amyloid beta (Aβ) by stabilizing gamma oscillation. We examined whether exercise was associated with hippocampus-mediated improvement in cognit...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
BioMed Central
2020
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7240923/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32434556 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13195-020-00631-4 |
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author | Park, Sang-Seo Park, Hye-Sang Kim, Chang-Ju Kang, Hyun-Sik Kim, Dong-Hyun Baek, Seung-Soo Kim, Tae-Woon |
author_facet | Park, Sang-Seo Park, Hye-Sang Kim, Chang-Ju Kang, Hyun-Sik Kim, Dong-Hyun Baek, Seung-Soo Kim, Tae-Woon |
author_sort | Park, Sang-Seo |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Exercise promotes brain health and improves cognitive functioning in the elderly, while 40-Hz light flickering through the visual cortex reduces amyloid beta (Aβ) by stabilizing gamma oscillation. We examined whether exercise was associated with hippocampus-mediated improvement in cognitive functioning in the 3xTg-Alzheimer’s disease (3xTg-AD) murine model following exposure to 40-Hz light flickering and exercise. METHODS: We subjected 12-month-old 3xTg-AD mice to exercise and 40-Hz light flickering for 3 months to investigate spatial learning, memory, long-term memory, Aβ levels, tau levels, mitochondrial functioning including Ca(2+) retention and H(2)O(2) emission, apoptosis, and neurogenesis in the hippocampus. RESULTS: Treatments had a positive effect; however, the combination of exercise and 40-Hz light flickering exposure was most effective in reducing Aβ and tau levels. Reducing Aβ and tau levels by combination of exercise and 40-Hz light flickering improves Ca(2+) homeostasis and reactive oxygen species such as H(2)O(2) in mitochondria and apoptosis including bax, bcl-2, cytochrome c, and cleaved caspase-3 and cell death, cell differentiation, and neurogenesis in the 3xTg-AD model of the hippocampus, resulting in improving cognitive impairment such as spatial learning, memory and long term memory. CONCLUSION: Our results show that exercising in a 40-Hz light flickering environment may improve cognitive functioning by reducing Aβ and tau levels, thereby enhancing mitochondrial function and neuroplasticity. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7240923 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-72409232020-05-29 Physical exercise during exposure to 40-Hz light flicker improves cognitive functions in the 3xTg mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease Park, Sang-Seo Park, Hye-Sang Kim, Chang-Ju Kang, Hyun-Sik Kim, Dong-Hyun Baek, Seung-Soo Kim, Tae-Woon Alzheimers Res Ther Research BACKGROUND: Exercise promotes brain health and improves cognitive functioning in the elderly, while 40-Hz light flickering through the visual cortex reduces amyloid beta (Aβ) by stabilizing gamma oscillation. We examined whether exercise was associated with hippocampus-mediated improvement in cognitive functioning in the 3xTg-Alzheimer’s disease (3xTg-AD) murine model following exposure to 40-Hz light flickering and exercise. METHODS: We subjected 12-month-old 3xTg-AD mice to exercise and 40-Hz light flickering for 3 months to investigate spatial learning, memory, long-term memory, Aβ levels, tau levels, mitochondrial functioning including Ca(2+) retention and H(2)O(2) emission, apoptosis, and neurogenesis in the hippocampus. RESULTS: Treatments had a positive effect; however, the combination of exercise and 40-Hz light flickering exposure was most effective in reducing Aβ and tau levels. Reducing Aβ and tau levels by combination of exercise and 40-Hz light flickering improves Ca(2+) homeostasis and reactive oxygen species such as H(2)O(2) in mitochondria and apoptosis including bax, bcl-2, cytochrome c, and cleaved caspase-3 and cell death, cell differentiation, and neurogenesis in the 3xTg-AD model of the hippocampus, resulting in improving cognitive impairment such as spatial learning, memory and long term memory. CONCLUSION: Our results show that exercising in a 40-Hz light flickering environment may improve cognitive functioning by reducing Aβ and tau levels, thereby enhancing mitochondrial function and neuroplasticity. BioMed Central 2020-05-20 /pmc/articles/PMC7240923/ /pubmed/32434556 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13195-020-00631-4 Text en © The Author(s) 2020 Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. |
spellingShingle | Research Park, Sang-Seo Park, Hye-Sang Kim, Chang-Ju Kang, Hyun-Sik Kim, Dong-Hyun Baek, Seung-Soo Kim, Tae-Woon Physical exercise during exposure to 40-Hz light flicker improves cognitive functions in the 3xTg mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease |
title | Physical exercise during exposure to 40-Hz light flicker improves cognitive functions in the 3xTg mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease |
title_full | Physical exercise during exposure to 40-Hz light flicker improves cognitive functions in the 3xTg mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease |
title_fullStr | Physical exercise during exposure to 40-Hz light flicker improves cognitive functions in the 3xTg mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease |
title_full_unstemmed | Physical exercise during exposure to 40-Hz light flicker improves cognitive functions in the 3xTg mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease |
title_short | Physical exercise during exposure to 40-Hz light flicker improves cognitive functions in the 3xTg mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease |
title_sort | physical exercise during exposure to 40-hz light flicker improves cognitive functions in the 3xtg mouse model of alzheimer’s disease |
topic | Research |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7240923/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32434556 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13195-020-00631-4 |
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