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Evaluating the declarations of open defecation free status under the Swachh Bharat (‘Clean India’) Mission: repeated cross-sectional surveys in Rajasthan, India
BACKGROUND: The most ambitious sanitation campaign to end open defecation (OD) in India came to a close on 2 October 2019 and there are limited independent, robust data to measure its success. We aimed to evaluate Rajasthan’s claim of open defecation free status in March 2018 under the Swachh Bharat...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
BMJ Publishing Group
2020
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7245378/ http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002277 |
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author | Exum, Natalie G Gorin, Emma M Sadhu, Goutam Khanna, Anoop Schwab, Kellogg J |
author_facet | Exum, Natalie G Gorin, Emma M Sadhu, Goutam Khanna, Anoop Schwab, Kellogg J |
author_sort | Exum, Natalie G |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: The most ambitious sanitation campaign to end open defecation (OD) in India came to a close on 2 October 2019 and there are limited independent, robust data to measure its success. We aimed to evaluate Rajasthan’s claim of open defecation free status in March 2018 under the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) or ‘Clean India Mission’ by measuring OD trends from 2016 to 2018. METHODS: We used publicly available data from Performance Monitoring and Accountability 2020, a representative survey with two-stage stratified cluster sampling. Enumeration areas were the primary sampling units selected by the probability proportional to size method. The repeated cross-sectional surveys independently collected household water and sanitation data in Rajasthan (n=20 485). Among households reporting toilet access, the data were pooled across the four rounds for an observational analysis using logistic regression. The primary outcome measure was regular OD among households with access to toilet facilities. FINDINGS: Between October 2016 and July 2018 main OD practices in rural Rajasthan households decreased from 63.3% (95% CI 57.0% to 69.6%) to 45.8% (95% CI 38.4% to 53.2%) and in urban households from 12.6% (95% CI 6.0% to 19.1%) to 9.4% (95% CI 4.0% to 14.7%). Households with regular OD occurring despite access to a toilet made up 21.7% (95% CI 16.9% to 26.6%) of rural and 12.1% (95% CI 3.6% to 20.7%) of urban Rajasthan as of July 2018. The multivariate logistic regression revealed that factors related to water stress and sanitation sharing were associated with household members regularly practising OD. CONCLUSIONS: These data highlight the importance of a continued focus on constructing toilets that are affordable with low water requirements during the next phase of SBM. An independent survey that can provide robust estimates of OD is needed to monitor progress of toilet construction and use. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7245378 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | BMJ Publishing Group |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-72453782020-06-03 Evaluating the declarations of open defecation free status under the Swachh Bharat (‘Clean India’) Mission: repeated cross-sectional surveys in Rajasthan, India Exum, Natalie G Gorin, Emma M Sadhu, Goutam Khanna, Anoop Schwab, Kellogg J BMJ Glob Health Original Research BACKGROUND: The most ambitious sanitation campaign to end open defecation (OD) in India came to a close on 2 October 2019 and there are limited independent, robust data to measure its success. We aimed to evaluate Rajasthan’s claim of open defecation free status in March 2018 under the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) or ‘Clean India Mission’ by measuring OD trends from 2016 to 2018. METHODS: We used publicly available data from Performance Monitoring and Accountability 2020, a representative survey with two-stage stratified cluster sampling. Enumeration areas were the primary sampling units selected by the probability proportional to size method. The repeated cross-sectional surveys independently collected household water and sanitation data in Rajasthan (n=20 485). Among households reporting toilet access, the data were pooled across the four rounds for an observational analysis using logistic regression. The primary outcome measure was regular OD among households with access to toilet facilities. FINDINGS: Between October 2016 and July 2018 main OD practices in rural Rajasthan households decreased from 63.3% (95% CI 57.0% to 69.6%) to 45.8% (95% CI 38.4% to 53.2%) and in urban households from 12.6% (95% CI 6.0% to 19.1%) to 9.4% (95% CI 4.0% to 14.7%). Households with regular OD occurring despite access to a toilet made up 21.7% (95% CI 16.9% to 26.6%) of rural and 12.1% (95% CI 3.6% to 20.7%) of urban Rajasthan as of July 2018. The multivariate logistic regression revealed that factors related to water stress and sanitation sharing were associated with household members regularly practising OD. CONCLUSIONS: These data highlight the importance of a continued focus on constructing toilets that are affordable with low water requirements during the next phase of SBM. An independent survey that can provide robust estimates of OD is needed to monitor progress of toilet construction and use. BMJ Publishing Group 2020-03-25 /pmc/articles/PMC7245378/ http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002277 Text en © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. |
spellingShingle | Original Research Exum, Natalie G Gorin, Emma M Sadhu, Goutam Khanna, Anoop Schwab, Kellogg J Evaluating the declarations of open defecation free status under the Swachh Bharat (‘Clean India’) Mission: repeated cross-sectional surveys in Rajasthan, India |
title | Evaluating the declarations of open defecation free status under the Swachh Bharat (‘Clean India’) Mission: repeated cross-sectional surveys in Rajasthan, India |
title_full | Evaluating the declarations of open defecation free status under the Swachh Bharat (‘Clean India’) Mission: repeated cross-sectional surveys in Rajasthan, India |
title_fullStr | Evaluating the declarations of open defecation free status under the Swachh Bharat (‘Clean India’) Mission: repeated cross-sectional surveys in Rajasthan, India |
title_full_unstemmed | Evaluating the declarations of open defecation free status under the Swachh Bharat (‘Clean India’) Mission: repeated cross-sectional surveys in Rajasthan, India |
title_short | Evaluating the declarations of open defecation free status under the Swachh Bharat (‘Clean India’) Mission: repeated cross-sectional surveys in Rajasthan, India |
title_sort | evaluating the declarations of open defecation free status under the swachh bharat (‘clean india’) mission: repeated cross-sectional surveys in rajasthan, india |
topic | Original Research |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7245378/ http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002277 |
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