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Effect of Solvents on Fe–Lignin Precursors for Production Graphene-Based Nanostructures

Kraft lignin was catalytically graphitized to graphene-based nanostructures at high temperature under non-oxidative atmospheres. To obtain the best catalytic performance, a uniform catalyst–lignin mixture must be made by bonding transitional metal (M) ions to oxygen (O), sulfur (S) or nitrogen (N)-c...

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Autores principales: Yan, Qiangu, Cai, Zhiyong
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7248701/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32384618
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25092167
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author Yan, Qiangu
Cai, Zhiyong
author_facet Yan, Qiangu
Cai, Zhiyong
author_sort Yan, Qiangu
collection PubMed
description Kraft lignin was catalytically graphitized to graphene-based nanostructures at high temperature under non-oxidative atmospheres. To obtain the best catalytic performance, a uniform catalyst–lignin mixture must be made by bonding transitional metal (M) ions to oxygen (O), sulfur (S) or nitrogen (N)-containing functional groups in kraft lignin. One of the strategies is to dissolve or disperse kraft lignin in a suitable solvent, whereby the polymer chains in the condensed lignin molecules will be detangled and stretched out while the functional groups are solvated, and when mixing lignin solution with catalyst metal solution, the solvated metal ions in an aqueous solution can diffuse and migrate onto lignin chains to form M-O, M-S, or M-N bonds during the mixing process. Therefore, solvent effects are important in preparing M–lignin mixture for production of graphene-based nanostructures. Fe–lignin precursors were prepared by dissolving lignin with different solvents, including water, methanol, acetone, and tetrahydrofuran (THF). Solvent effects on the catalytic performance, size and morphology of graphene-based nanostructures were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and nitrogen sorption measurements. The sizes, morphologies, and catalytic properties of the products obtained from Fe–lignin precursors are greatly influenced by the solvents used. It was found that Fe–lignin (THF) had the highest iron dispersion and the smallest iron particle size. Furthermore, Fe–lignin (THF) exhibited the best catalytic performance for graphitization of kraft lignin while the graphitization degree decreased in the order: Fe–lignin(THF) > Fe–lignin(Acetone) > Fe–lignin(methanol) > Fe–lignin(water).
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spelling pubmed-72487012020-08-13 Effect of Solvents on Fe–Lignin Precursors for Production Graphene-Based Nanostructures Yan, Qiangu Cai, Zhiyong Molecules Article Kraft lignin was catalytically graphitized to graphene-based nanostructures at high temperature under non-oxidative atmospheres. To obtain the best catalytic performance, a uniform catalyst–lignin mixture must be made by bonding transitional metal (M) ions to oxygen (O), sulfur (S) or nitrogen (N)-containing functional groups in kraft lignin. One of the strategies is to dissolve or disperse kraft lignin in a suitable solvent, whereby the polymer chains in the condensed lignin molecules will be detangled and stretched out while the functional groups are solvated, and when mixing lignin solution with catalyst metal solution, the solvated metal ions in an aqueous solution can diffuse and migrate onto lignin chains to form M-O, M-S, or M-N bonds during the mixing process. Therefore, solvent effects are important in preparing M–lignin mixture for production of graphene-based nanostructures. Fe–lignin precursors were prepared by dissolving lignin with different solvents, including water, methanol, acetone, and tetrahydrofuran (THF). Solvent effects on the catalytic performance, size and morphology of graphene-based nanostructures were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and nitrogen sorption measurements. The sizes, morphologies, and catalytic properties of the products obtained from Fe–lignin precursors are greatly influenced by the solvents used. It was found that Fe–lignin (THF) had the highest iron dispersion and the smallest iron particle size. Furthermore, Fe–lignin (THF) exhibited the best catalytic performance for graphitization of kraft lignin while the graphitization degree decreased in the order: Fe–lignin(THF) > Fe–lignin(Acetone) > Fe–lignin(methanol) > Fe–lignin(water). MDPI 2020-05-06 /pmc/articles/PMC7248701/ /pubmed/32384618 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25092167 Text en © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Yan, Qiangu
Cai, Zhiyong
Effect of Solvents on Fe–Lignin Precursors for Production Graphene-Based Nanostructures
title Effect of Solvents on Fe–Lignin Precursors for Production Graphene-Based Nanostructures
title_full Effect of Solvents on Fe–Lignin Precursors for Production Graphene-Based Nanostructures
title_fullStr Effect of Solvents on Fe–Lignin Precursors for Production Graphene-Based Nanostructures
title_full_unstemmed Effect of Solvents on Fe–Lignin Precursors for Production Graphene-Based Nanostructures
title_short Effect of Solvents on Fe–Lignin Precursors for Production Graphene-Based Nanostructures
title_sort effect of solvents on fe–lignin precursors for production graphene-based nanostructures
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7248701/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32384618
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25092167
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