Ventricular Arrhythmia Originating from the Left Ventricular Papillary Muscles: Clinical Features and Technical Aspects

The discovery, characterization, and ablation of the papillary muscles have evolved rapidly since the initial description in 2008. New innovations in pacemapping, intracardiac imaging, ablation catheters, and ablation methodologies have dramatically impacted the approach to the treatment of papillary muscle ventricular arrhythmias. This review provides an up-to-date summary of these methods, as well as guidance on how to integrate them into clinical practice.