Effects of Different Divalent Cation Hydrothermal Treatments of Titanium Implant Surfaces for Epithelial Tissue Sealing

The improvement of peri-implant epithelium (PIE) adhesion to titanium (Ti) may promote Ti dental implant stability. This study aims to investigate whether there is a positive effect of Ti hydrothermally treated (HT) with calcium chloride (CaCl(2)), zinc chloride (ZnCl(2)), and strontium chloride (SrCl(2)) on promoting PIE sealing. We analyzed the response of a rat oral epithelial cell (OEC) culture and performed an in vivo study in which the maxillary right first molars of rats were extracted and replaced with calcium (Ca)-HT, zinc (Zn)-HT, strontium (Sr)-HT, or non-treated control (Cont) implants. The OEC adhesion on Ca-HT and Zn-HT Ti plates had a higher expression of adhesion proteins than cells on the Cont and Sr-HT Ti plates. Additionally, the implant PIE of the Ca-HT and Zn-HT groups revealed better expression of immunoreactive laminin-332 (Ln-322) at 2 weeks after implantation. The Ca-HT and Zn-HT groups also showed better attachment at the implant–PIE interface, which inhibited horseradish peroxidase penetration. These results demonstrated that the divalent cations of Ca (Ca(2+)) and Zn (Zn(2+))-HT improve the integration of epithelium around the implant, which may facilitate the creation of a soft barrier around the implant to protect it from foreign body penetration.