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Perception and practices of menstruation restrictions among urban adolescent girls and women in Nepal: a cross-sectional survey
BACKGROUND: Menstruation, a natural biologic process is associated with restrictions and superstitious beliefs in Nepal. However, factual data on women’s perspectives on menstrual practices and restrictions are scarce. This study aimed to assess socio-cultural perceptions of menstrual restrictions a...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
BioMed Central
2020
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7268527/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32487096 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12978-020-00935-6 |
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author | Mukherjee, Amrita Lama, Mingma Khakurel, Uddhav Jha, Alok Nath Ajose, Fatima Acharya, Sanjeev Tymes-Wilbekin, Kristina Sommer, Marni Jolly, Pauline E. Lhaki, Pema Shrestha, Sadeep |
author_facet | Mukherjee, Amrita Lama, Mingma Khakurel, Uddhav Jha, Alok Nath Ajose, Fatima Acharya, Sanjeev Tymes-Wilbekin, Kristina Sommer, Marni Jolly, Pauline E. Lhaki, Pema Shrestha, Sadeep |
author_sort | Mukherjee, Amrita |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Menstruation, a natural biologic process is associated with restrictions and superstitious beliefs in Nepal. However, factual data on women’s perspectives on menstrual practices and restrictions are scarce. This study aimed to assess socio-cultural perceptions of menstrual restrictions among urban Nepalese women in the Kathmandu valley. METHODS: Using a clustered random sampling, 1342 adolescent girls and women of menstruating age (≥15 years) from three urban districts in the Kathmandu valley completed a survey related to menstrual practices and restriction. This was a cross-sectional survey study using a customized program allowing pull-down, multiple choice and open-ended questions in the Nepali language. The self-administered questionnaire consisted of 13 demographic questions and 22 questions related to menstruation, menstrual hygiene, socio-cultural taboos, beliefs and practices. Univariate descriptive statistics were reported. Unadjusted associations of socio-cultural practices with ethnicity, education, four major social classes, three major religions, marital status and family type were assessed using logistic regression models. RESULTS: More than half (59%) of the participants were aged between 15- < 25 years. The majority were Hindus (84.5%), reported not praying during menstruation (83.1%) and were encouraged by their mothers (72.1%) to practice a range of menstrual restrictions. Purifying either the kitchen, bed, bedsheets or other household things on the fourth day of menstruation was reported by 66.1% of the participants, and 45.4% saw menstruation as a “bother” or “curse.” There were differences among social classes, where participants of the Janajati caste, an indigenous group, were more likely to enter places of worship [OR (95%CI): 1.74 (1.06–2.86)] and pray [OR (95%CI): 1.79 (1.18–2.71)] while menstruating, compared to the Brahmins. Participants with a master’s degree were more likely to pray while menstruating, compared to participants with less than a high school education [OR (95%CI): 2.83 (1.61–4.96)]. CONCLUSION: This study throws light on existing social discriminations, deep-rooted cultural and religious superstitions among women, and gender inequalities in the urban areas of Kathmandu valley in Nepal. Targeted education and awareness are needed to make changes and balance between cultural and social practices during menstruation. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7268527 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2020 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-72685272020-06-07 Perception and practices of menstruation restrictions among urban adolescent girls and women in Nepal: a cross-sectional survey Mukherjee, Amrita Lama, Mingma Khakurel, Uddhav Jha, Alok Nath Ajose, Fatima Acharya, Sanjeev Tymes-Wilbekin, Kristina Sommer, Marni Jolly, Pauline E. Lhaki, Pema Shrestha, Sadeep Reprod Health Research BACKGROUND: Menstruation, a natural biologic process is associated with restrictions and superstitious beliefs in Nepal. However, factual data on women’s perspectives on menstrual practices and restrictions are scarce. This study aimed to assess socio-cultural perceptions of menstrual restrictions among urban Nepalese women in the Kathmandu valley. METHODS: Using a clustered random sampling, 1342 adolescent girls and women of menstruating age (≥15 years) from three urban districts in the Kathmandu valley completed a survey related to menstrual practices and restriction. This was a cross-sectional survey study using a customized program allowing pull-down, multiple choice and open-ended questions in the Nepali language. The self-administered questionnaire consisted of 13 demographic questions and 22 questions related to menstruation, menstrual hygiene, socio-cultural taboos, beliefs and practices. Univariate descriptive statistics were reported. Unadjusted associations of socio-cultural practices with ethnicity, education, four major social classes, three major religions, marital status and family type were assessed using logistic regression models. RESULTS: More than half (59%) of the participants were aged between 15- < 25 years. The majority were Hindus (84.5%), reported not praying during menstruation (83.1%) and were encouraged by their mothers (72.1%) to practice a range of menstrual restrictions. Purifying either the kitchen, bed, bedsheets or other household things on the fourth day of menstruation was reported by 66.1% of the participants, and 45.4% saw menstruation as a “bother” or “curse.” There were differences among social classes, where participants of the Janajati caste, an indigenous group, were more likely to enter places of worship [OR (95%CI): 1.74 (1.06–2.86)] and pray [OR (95%CI): 1.79 (1.18–2.71)] while menstruating, compared to the Brahmins. Participants with a master’s degree were more likely to pray while menstruating, compared to participants with less than a high school education [OR (95%CI): 2.83 (1.61–4.96)]. CONCLUSION: This study throws light on existing social discriminations, deep-rooted cultural and religious superstitions among women, and gender inequalities in the urban areas of Kathmandu valley in Nepal. Targeted education and awareness are needed to make changes and balance between cultural and social practices during menstruation. BioMed Central 2020-06-01 /pmc/articles/PMC7268527/ /pubmed/32487096 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12978-020-00935-6 Text en © The Author(s) 2020 Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. |
spellingShingle | Research Mukherjee, Amrita Lama, Mingma Khakurel, Uddhav Jha, Alok Nath Ajose, Fatima Acharya, Sanjeev Tymes-Wilbekin, Kristina Sommer, Marni Jolly, Pauline E. Lhaki, Pema Shrestha, Sadeep Perception and practices of menstruation restrictions among urban adolescent girls and women in Nepal: a cross-sectional survey |
title | Perception and practices of menstruation restrictions among urban adolescent girls and women in Nepal: a cross-sectional survey |
title_full | Perception and practices of menstruation restrictions among urban adolescent girls and women in Nepal: a cross-sectional survey |
title_fullStr | Perception and practices of menstruation restrictions among urban adolescent girls and women in Nepal: a cross-sectional survey |
title_full_unstemmed | Perception and practices of menstruation restrictions among urban adolescent girls and women in Nepal: a cross-sectional survey |
title_short | Perception and practices of menstruation restrictions among urban adolescent girls and women in Nepal: a cross-sectional survey |
title_sort | perception and practices of menstruation restrictions among urban adolescent girls and women in nepal: a cross-sectional survey |
topic | Research |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7268527/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32487096 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12978-020-00935-6 |
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