Glycoprotein Ib clustering in platelets can be inhibited by α-linolenic acid as revealed by cryo-electron tomography

Platelet adhesion to the sub-endothelial matrix and damaged endothelium occurs through a multi-step process mediated in the initial phase by glycoprotein Ib binding to von Willebrand factor (vWF), which leads to the subsequent formation of a platelet plug. The plant-derived ω-3 fatty acid α-linolenic acid is an abundant alternative to fish-derived n-3 fatty acids and has anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic properties. In this study, we investigated the impact of α-linolenic acid on human platelet binding to vWF under high-shear flow conditions (mimicking blood flow in stenosed arteries). Pre-incubation of fresh human blood from healthy donors with α-linolenic acid at dietary relevant concentrations reduced platelet binding and rolling on vWF-coated microchannels at a shear rate of 100 dyn/cm(2). Depletion of membrane cholesterol by incubation of platelet-rich plasma with methyl-β cyclodextrin abrogated platelet rolling on vWF. Analysis of glycoprotein Ib by applying cryo-electron tomography to intact platelets revealed local clusters of glycoprotein Ib complexes upon exposure to shear force: the formation of these complexes could be prevented by treatment with α-linolenic acid. This study provides novel findings on the rapid local rearrangement of glycoprotein Ib complexes in response to high-shear flow and highlights the mechanism of in vitro inhibition of platelet binding to and rolling on vWF by α-linolenic acid.